莫桑比克楠普拉省锆钛砂矿资源地质特征

莫桑比克是我国锆钛砂矿进口量最大的国家,楠普拉省锆钛砂矿项目是我国在莫桑比克、乃至非洲运营最成功的锆钛砂矿矿山项目之一,为境外锆钛砂矿项目提供可复制、可推广的经验。本文以莫桑比克楠普拉锆钛砂矿矿山多年的地质勘探和矿山工程等方面实践数据为基础,运用类比和统计学原理对矿山项目的地质特征、矿体特征、矿砂质量特征和矿物含量特征等进行研究。研究表明：(1)锆钛砂矿等重矿物主要赋存在第四系海岸砂丘(沙丘和滩涂)中,原矿砂中TiO₂和ZrO₂含量为0.77%和0.11%、中细粒占91.45%,锆钛砂矿矿物中粉细粒占82.84%～87.51%;(2)原矿砂中钛铁矿和金红石形态的钛元素分布率为88.14%和7.55%,锆英石形态的锆元素分布率为94.73%,原矿砂选矿试验可获得54.35%TiO₂的钛铁矿精矿和65.92%ZrO₂的锆英石精矿;(3)原矿砂中锆英石与钛铁矿的品位相关系数不低于0.92,锆钛砂矿品位与深度的相关系数不低于0.80,且随着深度增加先增大后减小,锆钛砂矿品位与矿体的厚度和宽度呈反比,相关系数...     

城市道路的多特征多核SVM提取方法

针对高分辨率遥感影像中城市道路提取的复杂性及SVM的分类性能,提出了一种城市道路的多特征多核SVM提取方法。首先利用FCM算法将原始影像粗分为建成区和非建成区两类,剔除非建成区;然后根据分水岭分割算法分割建成区并提取分割对象的光谱特征与空间特征,以全局核函数和局部核函数加权组合的方式构建多核SVM对建成区进行二次分类,去除建成区中的建筑物等非道路信息;最后利用数学形态学处理,获得最终的道路提取结果。试验结果表明：文中所提方法能够较精确地提取城市道路信息,分类精度高于单核SVM提取及其他对比方法。     

Mapping the Brazilian Amazon fluvial sensitivity index to oil spills with Shuttle Radar Topography Mission (SRTM) data

It is important to understand the Solimões River seasonal hydrological cycle and its dynamics to support systematic environmental monitoring efforts in the Amazon region. These are essential to the contingency response to possible accidents in the existing oil transportation network. This study seeks to map the environmental sensitivity to oil spills in the surroundings of Coari city, Amazonas State (AM). A computational method was employed representing the seasonal inundation phenomenon fluctuations, together with data from the Digital Elevation Model generated by the Shuttle Radar Topography Mission. These were matched with Coari fluviometric time series information and a Japanese Earth Resources Satellite-1 (JERS-1 SAR) geo-referenced mosaic of the Global Rain Forest Mapping Project. In this context, a mathematical morphology technique (watershed) integrated with all aforementioned data applying MatLab and ArcGIS computing resources generated results that enabled a better spatio-temporal understanding of the Amazon seasonal dynamics. Thus, the principal product of the research was the Coari fluvial oil spill sensitivity index map based on segmented inundation levels obtained with the proposed methodology.     

地理国情普查在城市空间形态演变中的应用

以地理国情普查数据为基础,结合历史高分辨率遥感影像和规划成果数据,采用地理信息系统(geographic information system,GIS)空间叠置分析和形态指数测度方法,研究2004-2015年江门市主城区的空间形态演变规律。研究结果表明:(1)2004-2015年,江门市主城区的建设用地规模以低速度和低强度的模式平稳增长52.06 km²,增长幅度达到40.91%,总体发展方向为东北向。(2)2004-2015年,江门市主城区的城市发展模式先外扩后内充,城市形态先离散后聚集,城市边界先复杂后简单。(3)地理国情普查成果与多源规划耦合分析的结果不容乐观。虽然部分耦合指数还比较高,均达到70%以上,但是建设用地规划完成率还不到60%,用地指标留存的形势颇为严峻。     

黔北早奥陶世疑难钙藻化石Nuia形态分类与钙化机制

Nuia是早奥陶世备受争议的一种疑难钙化微体化石,其分类位置长期以来因内部构造常被成岩作用破坏而未得到解决。本文在薄片镜下观察的基础上,结合拉曼光谱和扫描电镜分析技术,对黔北桐梓地区下奥陶统红花园组生物礁中的Nuia化石进行形态解剖分析并探讨其钙化机制。研究结果显示,Nuia由发射状丝状体(filaments)聚集而成的胶群体(colony)以及外围的钙化外鞘(calcified encrustation)组成,丝状体基部往往有异形胞和(或)厚壁孢子聚集成暗色的中央区。据此,Nuia 可能是蓝藻门念珠藻目胶须藻科(Rivulariaceae, Nostocales, Cyanophyta)的早期代表。通过类比现代蓝藻的钙化机制模型,Nuia 可能具有比较复杂的钙化过程：原植体通过二氧化碳聚集机制(carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms, CCMs)进行光合作用的过程中,碳酸盐颗粒首先在原始丝状体的基部胶鞘内沉淀形成黑色的中央区;随着藻丝的生长和假分枝的出现,丝状体的相应位置可形成反映季节变化的钙化带,显示为特殊的分层现象,藻丝生长停止后,藻体表面形成一层公共胶鞘,并经浸染作用和(或)结壳作用形成钙化外鞘;丝状体在早期成岩阶段受到重结晶作用而被交代为方解石纤维。此外,Nuia的中央区和公共胶鞘可能有细胞降解残留的有机大分子,限制了矿物晶体的快速生长,钙化过程中只形成细小的方解石矿物,因而在薄片中呈现出比围岩和钙化丝状体更深的颜色。     

散粒体斜坡注浆固坡工程防治技术实验研究

目前,国内外对散粒体斜坡的防治措施研究甚少。笔者推荐注浆固坡工程防治技术,具有以动制动特点。本文通过室外注浆物理模拟实验,得出注浆后固结体形态有舌形、灵芝形、柱形、长倒锥形、短倒锥形,其有效半径分别是46.3cm、26cm、21.4cm、16.5cm、40cm、29.4cm。结合现场颗粒取样筛分实验,研究了散粒体堆积结构对注浆固坡措施的影响,提出颗粒间孔隙比的影响最为主要,并通过计算机优化回归得出注浆量及浆液扩散半径的公式;最后对固结体进行直剪试验,得出注浆后的散粒体强度增加,说明了注浆固坡工程的可行性和合理性。这对散粒体斜坡坡体实施注浆加固工程具有重大的参考价值。     

模拟降雨条件下坡面细沟形态演变与量化方法

为探明坡面土壤侵蚀过程中细沟的演变规律,研究细沟形态特征量化方法是非常重要的。利用室内土槽模拟降雨试验,对比了45 mm/h、87 mm/h和127 mm/h雨强下容重分别为1.30 g/cm3和1.05 g/cm3两种黄土在20°陡坡坡面细沟发育形态的差异,并分别采用分形维数、拓扑参数对细沟沟网的形态特征进行量化描述,引入地貌信息熵理论进行坡面地貌信息熵计算,然后对各量化参数的敏感性进行了分析。结果表明,分形维数作为整体性的量化参数,对描述发育成熟的细沟形态差异不够灵敏;坡面地貌信息熵能够反映侵蚀过程中侵蚀程度的变化,对细沟发育程度的描述较为灵敏;细沟沟网的拓扑特征参数较好地体现了沟网内部结构的差异,可用于描述沟网内部结构特征的较灵敏参数。     

Influence of habitat and host morphology on macrofaunal assemblages associated with the sponge Halichondria melanadocia in an estuarine system of the southern Gulf of Mexico

Sponges are inhabited by a wide variety of organisms and have been regarded as one of the richest biotopes in tropical seas. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of the host morphology and selected environmental conditions on macrofaunal assemblages associated with the sponge Halichondria melanadocia in an estuarine system of the southern Gulf of Mexico. This sponge exhibits different growth forms when it inhabits mangrove prop roots of Rhizophora mangle (thickly encrusting form) and adjacent seagrass beds (massive, amorphous or ramose form). From a total of 50 sponge specimens collected in each habitat, a total of eight taxa (of epi‐ and endobionts) was found associated with this sponge, with polychaetes, echinoderms and crustaceans the most abundant groups. In both morphotypes (thickly‐encrusting and massive‐ramose forms), taxon richness was positively related to sponge volume and oscular diameter. The overall mean abundance of associated fauna was also positively related to sponge volume in both morphotypes and with the oscular diameter (in the seagrass morphotype only). These findings suggest that H. melanadocia constitutes an important microhabitat for a wide variety of fauna, independent of its morphology and habitat type. However, when comparing the two morphotypes, the mangrove individuals, despite having smaller sizes, smaller oscular diameter and less structural complexity, displayed an overall mean abundance of fauna 17 times higher [0.36 ± 0.18 individuals (ind.)·ml·sponge^?1] than that recorded in the seagrass individuals (0.021 ± 0.01 ind.·ml·sponge^?1). There were also marked differences in the proportions of the major taxonomic groups; in fact, some of them were found exclusively in one morphotype. The variability recorded in the composition and abundance of associated fauna between the morphotypes seems to be influenced by differences in sponge morphology, environmental conditions (e.g. sedimentation rate and light intensity), substrate orientation and the fauna inhabiting the surrounding area.     

南海浮游被囊动物火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae)——新记录种的形态特征

火体虫科(Pyrosomatidae),隶属于脊索动物门、尾索动物亚门、海樽纲、磷海樽目,全球海域已报道8种。本文描述了采自南海火体虫科一新记录种短轮火体虫 (Pyrosomella verticillata) 群体和单体的形态特征,分析了其群体长度、宽度与轮数的关系,并比较了该种与已在南海发现的大西洋火体虫(Pyrosoma atlanticum)的形态差异。研究标本保存在南海海洋生物标本馆。     

A new method to identify void constrictions in micro-CT images of sand

Micro-Computed Tomography (micro-CT) provides 3D images of the internal structure of sands, allowing quantitative measurements of internal features, including void topology. Methods have already been proposed to measure constriction sizes from idealised particle arrangements or from micro-CT data, however the 3D geometry of constrictions in sands is extremely complex and can be difficult to interpret using existing methods. This paper outlines a new method to measure and visualise void constrictions in sands using micro-CT data, with a view to assessing performance of granular filters. The method is based on watershed segmentation of the void space. Synthetic data obtained from DEM simulations are used to validate the new algorithm and its performance against existing image-based methods is assessed by considering micro-CT data for a representative filter material.