一种改进的相同离子背景离子选择电极分析法

使用离子选择性电极,提出了一种采用滴定的方法确定最佳相同离子背景点的分析方法,用于测定大量干扰离子存在下待测离子的浓度,如大量K＋环境中Na＋的测定,取得了满意的结果。     

泥鳅鳃表面形态结构扫描电镜研究

本文应用扫描电镜对泥鳅鳃表面形态结构进行了详细的观察和研究，结果表明：泥鳅鳃的鳃弓、鳃耙、鳃丝及鳃小片的上皮细胞表面各具不同的形态特征。鳃弓、鳃耙及鳃丝上皮细胞表面都有环形隆嵴、断续的短纹或点纹及小孔，而鳃小片的表面结构与其明显不同。这些结构特点与其鳃的功能机理是密切相关的。     

缺K~+型低盐度水体Na~+/K~+比值对凡纳滨对虾幼虾生长和能量收支的影响

为解决滨海盐碱地区缺K+渗咸水养殖对虾效果不佳的问题,2002年8月至9月,以人工海水为介质,在(25±0.5)℃条件下,保持盐度为15和Na、K总含量恒定,研究了6个Na+/K+(mmol/mmol)比值:R1,R2,R3,R4,5和R6(Na+/K+比值分别是47,62,76,88,98和116)对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)幼虾生长、摄食和能量收支的影响。结果表明,各实验组实验虾的存活率没有显著差异。但是,随着Na+/K+比值的升高,实验虾的蜕皮频率(Moulting frequency)逐渐加快,并出现显著差异。R1,R2和R3组的养成体重、增重率和特定生长率(SGR)明显优于Na+/K+比值较大的R4,R5和R6组。各组实验虾的相对摄食率(FR)没有显著差异。R5和R6组的食物转化效率(FCE)显著低于对照组。水体的Na+/K+比值对实验虾的摄食能总量以及生长能、粪便能和蜕皮能所占摄食能的比例都产生了显著影响,而各组虾的呼吸能和排泄能的分配比例之间没有明显差异。实验表明水体Na+/K+比值是通过影响凡纳滨对虾对食物的转化效率(FCE)和生长能占摄食能的分配比例来影响其生长的。而且,在盐度15左右的缺K+咸水环境下养殖凡纳滨对虾,通过添加钾盐,将水体Na+/K+比值至少降低到76的水平,才能达到较好的养殖效果。     

Effects of Salinity Fluctuation Frequency on the Osmolarity, Na^＋-K^＋ -ATPase Activity and HSP70 Expression in Juvenile Chinese Shrimp, Fenneropenaeus chinensis

Experiments were conducted to examine the effects of salinity fluctuation frequency on the osmolarity, Na+-K+-ATPase activity and HSP70 of Chinese shrimp Fenneropenaeus chinensis with initial wet body weight of 1.460 g ± 0.091 g. The salinity in the control group (D0) was 28 throughout the experiment, whereas treatments D2, D4, D6 and D8 were subjected to different salinity fluctuation frequencies of 2, 4, 6 and 8 d, respectively. The salinity in treatments D2, D4, D6 and D8 was kept at 28 for 2, 4, 6 and 8...     

盐度对拟穴青蟹幼蟹存活、生长和Na+/K+-ATP 酶活性的影响

研究了盐度(6、13、20、27和33)对拟穴青蟹(Scylla paramamosain)幼蟹生长发育和Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的影响。结果表明,盐度对拟穴青蟹幼蟹甲宽和体质量特定生长率、C3蜕壳间期、甲宽增量(C1至C2和C2至C3)及Na+/K+-ATP酶活性有显著影响(P<0.05),但对幼蟹存活率、C2蜕壳间期及C3至C4甲宽增量无显著影响(P>0.05)。盐度13处理组特定生长率最高、蜕壳间期最短,盐度6处理组特定生长率最低,但与盐度20、27和33处理组无显著差异(P>0.05),而盐度33处理组蜕壳间期最长;第一次蜕壳后盐度20处理组甲宽增量最大,后两次蜕壳盐度13处理组均是最大;盐度处理0.5、4、7和11 d时,Na+/K+-ATP酶活性分别表现为盐度6>13>20>27>33、6>13>27>20>33、6>13>20>27>33和6>13>33>20>27的趋势,低盐环境下Na+/K+-ATP酶活性的升高有助于拟穴青蟹幼蟹对低渗环境的适应。     

盐度突变对青蛤(Cyclinasinensis)鳃Na~+/K~+-ATPase活性的影响

研究了盐度23下青蛤(Cyclina sinensis)鳃、斧足、外套膜和内脏团中Na+/K+-ATPase的活性差异,并以活性高的鳃组织为对象,对青蛤实施了低盐(23→16)和高盐(23→36)突变的胁迫,监测了鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATPase活性的动态变化。结果表明,盐度23下青蛤鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATPase的活性显著高于其他组织;在盐度突降胁迫下,鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATPase的活性于前16 d逐渐升高,第17d起显著升高(p<0.05),第18 d达到峰值,于第20 d回落,但仍高于起始水平;在盐度骤升胁迫下,鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATPase的活性于前13d逐渐降低,第14 d起显著降低(p<0.05),于第15 d达到最低值,继而回升至平稳水平,但仍低于起始水平。青蛤不同盐度胁迫下其鳃组织中Na+/K+-ATPase活性的响应方式不同,低盐时活性增加,而高盐时活性下降;此外,青蛤在盐度胁迫下对自身渗透压的调节则需较长时间。     

Seasonal Liza aurata tissue-specific DNA integrity in a multi-contaminated coastal lagoon (Ria de Aveiro, Portugal)

In this study, the DNA integrity of golden grey mullet (Liza aurata) collected in differently contaminated sites of a coastal lagoon, Ria de Aveiro (Portugal), was assessed, over the period of 1 year, using the DNA alkaline unwinding assay, in four different tissues (gill, kidney, liver and blood) and compared to a reference site. The four tissues displayed different DNA integrity basal levels, clearly affected by seasonal factors. Gill and kidney were, respectively, the most and least sensitive tissues. All sites demonstrated the capacity to interfere with DNA integrity. The sites displaying the highest and lowest DNA damage capability were, respectively, Barra (subject to naval traffic) and Vagos (contaminated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons). In terms of seasonal variability, autumn seems to be the more critical season (more DNA damage) unlike summer when no DNA damage was found in any tissue. Data recommend the continued monitoring of this aquatic system.     

Salinity-related variation in gene expression in wild populations of the black-chinned tilapia from various West African coastal marine,estuarine and freshwater habitats

This study measured the relative expression of the genes coding for Na⁺, K⁺-ATPase 1α(NAKA), voltage-dependent anion channel (VDAC), cytochrome c oxidase-1 (COX), and NADH dehydrogenase (NDH), in gills of six wild populations of a West African tilapia species, acclimatised to a range of seasonal (rainy or dry) salinities in coastal, estuarine and freshwater sites. Previous laboratory experiments have demonstrated that these genes, involved in active ion transport, oxidative phosphorylation, and intra-cellular ATP transport, are relatively over-expressed in gill tissues of this species acclimated to high salinity. Positive correlations between relative expression and ambient salinity were found for all genes in the wild populations (Spearman rank correlation, p < 0.05), although for some genes these were only significant in either the rainy season or dry season. Most significantly, however, relative expression was positively correlated amongst the four genes, indicating that they are functionally interrelated in adaptation of Sarotherodon melanotheron to salinity variations in its natural environment. In the rainy season, when salinity was unstable and ranged between zero and 37 psu across the sites, overall mean expression of the genes was higher than in the dry season, which may have reflected more variable particularly sudden fluctuations in salinity and poorer overall water quality. In the dry season, when the salinity is more stable but ranged between zero and 100 psu across the sites, NAKA, NDH and VDAC expression revealed U-shaped relationships with lowest relative expression at salinities approaching seawater, between 25 and 45 psu. Although it is not simple to establish direct relationship between gene expression levels and energy requirement for osmoregulation, these results may indicate that costs of adaptation to salinity are lowest in seawater, the natural environment of this species. While S. melanotheron can colonise environments with extremely high salinities, up to 100 psu, this was related to high relative expression for all genes studied, indicating that this imposes increased energy demand for osmotic homeostasis in gill tissues. This study is the first to demonstrate, in fish and in wild populations, that expression of NAKA, VDAC, NDH and COX are interrelated in gill tissues, and are involved in long-term acclimatisation to a salinity range between 0 and 100 psu.     

盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na+-K+-ATPase活力的影响

本文研究了盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响.结果表明:盐度、pH变化对凡纳滨对虾鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力的影响显著(F》F0.01).在盐度变化(30→5)3d内,各处理组鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随着处理时间的增加逐渐升高;至3～15d时,不同盐度下鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力趋于稳定,与对照组相比酶活力明显升高(F》F0.05),而且盐度越低酶活力越大.在pH变化(7.0←8.0→9.5)3d内,各处理组鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力随着处理时间的增加呈峰值变化,表现为向低pH和向高pH变化分别于9h和12h达到最大值,至3d时均恢复正常;在pH变化3～12d内,不同pH环境下鳃丝Na -K -ATPase活力无明显差异(F《F0.05).     

5种南海海藻醇提取物活性初步研究

海藻是海洋生物代谢产物的主要来源之一,能产生丰富多样的生物活性物质.为了更好地利用中国南海的海藻资源,分别对采自中国湛江硇洲岛的1种绿藻基根硬毛藻Chaetomorpha basiretorsa Setchell和4种红藻刺状鱼栖苔Acantophora spicififera (Vahl) Boerg、三列凹顶藻Laurencia tristicha Tseng, Chang et Xia、紫杉状海门冬Asparagopsis taxiformis (Delile) Trevisan、鸡毛菜Pterocladia tenuis Okam进行了生物活性研究,分别对细胞毒活性(KB、Bel-7402、PC-3M、Ketr3和MCF-7)、Na~+,K~+-ATPase抑制活性以及犬血管平滑肌细胞增殖抑制活性进行了筛选,部分海藻提取物表现出一定的生理活性.