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81.
王文军 《气候变化研究进展》2010,6(2):147-151
在《联合国气候变化框架公约》第15次缔约方会议召开前夕,德国发布了一份旨在通过对未来排放空间进行管理以实现长期减排目标、构建全球低碳经济的国际气候制度设计方案。该方案的研究思路与中国社会科学院学者提出的碳预算方案基本一致,但是两种方案在参数选择、减排路径、历史责任计算等问题上存在较大分歧。虽然德国方案力图平衡南北双方在气候领域的不同利益诉求,但从结果上看,德国方案明显有利于发达国家集团,公平性不足,难以达到其方案设计效果。 相似文献
82.
Charles W. Martin 《Environmental Geology》2009,58(4):803-814
Between 1995 and 2007, the concentrations of Pb and Zn in floodplain soils increased along a 60-km reach of the Lahn River,
Germany, suggesting that the storage of some metals in the fluvial system is out of phase with recent declines in the release
of metals to the environment. Re-sampling of surface soils to 5 cm along five transects perpendicular to the river indicated
that the concentration of Pb increased between 1995 and 2007 along two transects and was statistically unchanged at the other
three. The concentration of Zn increased at three of five transects and was statistically unchanged at two transects over
the same time period. Between 1995 and 2007, concentrations of Cu were statistically equal along four of five transects and
declined at the other transect. The increase in Pb and Zn was greater in a more rural than in a more urbanized reach of the
Lahn River. Soil texture and organic matter content had virtually no impact on the concentration of metals. The increase in
Pb concentration suggests a lag between the decline in Pb releases to the environment and its movement through the fluvial
system. Increased Zn storage may result from the high solubility of the metal and the relative ease with which it moves through
the environment. Environmental controls appear to have slowed Cu storage along the Lahn River, but are not yet reflected in
Pb and Zn storage. 相似文献
83.
Axel Schmidt Christina E. Stringer Ulrike Haferkorn Michael Schubert 《Environmental Geology》2009,56(5):855-863
A case study was carried out with the aim to practically test whether estimates of
groundwater discharge rates into dredging lakes can be made via an uncomplicated and
straightforward technique using radon-222 as naturally-occurring groundwater tracer.
Lake Ammelshainer See, a dredging, seepage lake, approximately 25 km east of Leipzig,
Germany, was chosen as the investigation site. In order to evaluate changes in the
spatial and temporal radon-222 patterns in the lake during different stages of stratification, sampling campaigns were conducted
in April 2007 (well mixed stage) and in
May 2007 (thermal stratification stage). Groundwater flow estimates were made using a radon mass balance approach accounting
for all radon fluxes into and out of the lake
and assuming steady-state conditions with respect to these radon fluxes. Once all positive and negative radon fluxes related
to the lake water volume were determined, groundwater discharge was estimated by using the advective radon input and the radon
activity concentration of the pore water as key parameters. The results showed that in case of a lake with a size and shape
of Lake Ammelshainer See (530,000 m2) reasonable groundwater discharge estimates can be made by collection and analyzing just a few water samples and a few samples
from the sediment layer. 相似文献
84.
A sequence stratigraphic model for the Lower Coal Measures (Upper Carboniferous) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Upper Carboniferous Coal Measures strata have been interpreted traditionally in terms of cyclothems bounded by marine flooding surfaces (marine bands) and coal seams. Correlation of such cyclothems in an extensive grid of closely spaced coal exploration boreholes provides a robust stratigraphic framework in which to study the Lower Coal Measures (Namurian C–Westphalian A) of the Ruhr district, north-west Germany. Three distinct types of cyclothem are recognized, based on their bounding surfaces and internal facies architecture. (1) Type 1 cyclothems are bounded by marine bands. Each cyclothem comprises a thick (30–80 m), regionally extensive, coarsening-upward delta front succession of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones, which may be deeply incised by a major fluvial sandstone complex. The delta front succession is capped by a thin (<1 m), regionally extensive coal seam and an overlying marine band defining the top of the cyclothem. (2) Type 2 cyclothems are bounded by thick (≈1 m), regionally extensive coal seams with few splits. The basal part of a typical cyclothem comprises a thick (15–50 m), widespread, coarsening-upward delta front or lake infill succession consisting of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones. Networks of major (>5 km wide, 20–40 m thick), steep-sided, multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes erode deeply into and, in some cases, through these successions and are overlain by the coal seam defining the cyclothem top. (3) Type 3 cyclothems are bounded by regionally extensive coal seam groups, characterized by numerous seam splits on a local (0·1–10 km) scale. Intervening strata vary in thickness (15–60 m) and are characterized by strong local facies variability. Root-penetrated, aggradational floodplain heteroliths pass laterally into single-storey fluvial channel-fill sandstones and coarsening-upward, shallow lake infill successions of interbedded shales, siltstones and sandstones over distances of several hundred metres to a few kilometres. Narrow (<2 km) but thick (20–50 m) multistorey fluvial sandstone complexes are rare, but occur in a few type 3 cyclothems. Several cyclothems are observed to change character from type 1 to type 2 and from type 2 to type 3 up the regional palaeoslope. Consequently, we envisage a model in which each cyclothem type represents a different palaeogeographic belt within the same, idealized delta system, subject to the same allogenic and autogenic controls on facies architecture. Type 1 cyclothems are dominated by deltaic shorelines deposited during a falling stage and lowstand of sea level. Type 2 cyclothems represent the coeval lower delta plain, which was deeply eroded by incised valleys that fed the falling stage and lowstand deltas. Type 3 cyclothems comprise mainly upper delta plain deposits in which the allogenic sea-level control was secondary to autogenic controls on facies architecture. The marine bands, widespread coals and coal seam groups that bound these three cyclothem types record abandonment of the delta system during periods of rapid sea-level rise. The model suggests that the extant cyclothem paradigm does not adequately describe the detailed facies architecture of Lower Coal Measures strata. Instead, these architectures may be better understood within a high-resolution stratigraphic framework incorporating sequence stratigraphic key surfaces, integrated with depositional models derived from analogous Pleistocene–Holocene fluvio-deltaic strata. 相似文献
85.
Uranium mining in southeastern Germany resulted in significant environmental risks. Closure of the mines and subsequent rises of water levels may result in heavy-metal and radionuclide-bearing mine waters penetrating aquifers that are used for water supply. While there are certain (geo-)technical constraints on the schedule with which flooding of the mines can proceed, this process must not result in aggravating the problem of metal release. Evaluation of the likely 'natural' geochemical situation of Königstein mine after mining has ceased, and different scenarios for the release of metals indicates that rapid flooding, albeit avoiding unnecessary aeration of the waters, is likely to result in reducing conditions and consequently low U-solubilities. 相似文献
86.
St. Mueller J. Ansorge N. Sierro P. Finckh D. Emter 《Geophysical Journal International》1987,89(1):345-352
Summary. The structure of the upper lithosphere beneath southern Germany, northern Switzerland and west-central Utah (U.S.A.) has been investigated in detail by various geophysical methods. A synoptic interpretation of travel time and amplitude data obtained in seismic refraction and wide-angle reflection surveys, combined with near-normal incidence reflection observations, now permits the elucidation of the fine structure in a more quantitative and unified manner. With this scheme it is possible to unambiguously identify low-velocity zones and to deduce velocity gradients if reliable amplitude information is included in the inversion process. 相似文献
87.
A sequence of 25 bread-kiln floors was sampled for archaeomagnetic measurements in a bakehouse in the old town of Lübeck, Germany. Due to archaeological dating this kiln floor sequence has been built up presumably from the late 13
th
to the 18
th
century. The primary magnetisation component is carried by magnetite (maghemite) and is very stable. Small viscous magnetisation components could be removed easily. The preliminary results of characteristic remanent magnetisation for 23 of the kiln-floor layers show clearly the trend of the geomagnetic secular variation expected for that time interval. By comparison with French and British master curves, the kiln-floor sequence started around 1425 and lasted until 1775 AD. Presently, confidence circles are relatively large and need refineing by measuring more samples, which have already been collected. Together with
14
C dating that can be determined from the charcoals found in the lowest layers and thermoluminescence dating of the layers, we expect to obtain, for the first time, a secular variation curve for Northern Germany covering the time interval from 1400 to 1800 years AD. 相似文献
88.
Olivia J. Wilson 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):247-255
This paper analyses the ‘Dorferneuerung’ or village renewal scheme - a key policy for rural development in the new ‘Länder’ of Germany which has been transferred from the old Länder. The contribution that Dorferneuerung can make to rural development is considered, with particular reference to the experience of participating villages in Sachsen-Anhalt. It concludes that Dorferneuerung has contributed much to improving the built environment but little to new job creation. It is indicative of the advantages and disadvantages of reunification for rural development in the new Länder. 相似文献
89.
Elke Knappe 《GeoJournal》1998,46(3):243-246
Agriculture has ceased to be the major employer in the rural areas of East Germany. Far-reaching structural change has resulted
in a sharp decrease in employment and the mono-structural character of villages has been lost. Unemployment is now a major
problem and women are worst affected. New jobs have been created in construction and elsewhere in the tertiary sector but
most people who have found new jobs have to commute to the towns or migrate permanently to the urban areas. A north-south
contrast has developed because the more developed network of towns in the latter, combined with a relatively good infrastructure,
has enabled many villages to survive as viable communities. An example is Fuchshain near Leipzig where employment with the
farming company (the former cooperative with 4200 ha of land) has declined but the population has grown through new housing
built for commuters. In the north there has been much depopulation and many houses are used as second homes. Either way there
is more conflict occurring now within rural communities because of tensions between the employed and the unemployed and between
old and new residents. It is therefore important that land use planning should take into account the changed economic and
social profiles and measures should be adopted to ensure that the countryside remains visually attractive and socially cohesive.
This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date. 相似文献
90.
The Mesoproterozoic basement in the southern Baltic Sea: insights from the G 14–1 off-shore borehole
Karsten?ObstEmail author J?rg?Hammer Gerhard?Katzung Dietmar?Korich 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2004,93(1):1-12
The continuation of the Mesoproterozoic basement of the southern Fennoscandian Shield is documented in the G 14–1 off-shore borehole, northeast of the island of Rügen, where crystalline rocks of monzogranitic composition occur beneath flat-lying early Palaeozoic sediments at a depth of approximately 2,000 m. The greenish-grey, or partly reddish-grey, granites show a slightly porphyritic texture marked by plagioclase crystals or aggregates in a groundmass dominated by fresh microcline. Chloritized biotite occurs as a subordinate mafic phase. Ductile and brittle deformation is indicated by a weak foliation and the occurrence of several cataclastic zones, respectively. Major and trace element geochemistry suggest that these rocks are K-rich calc-alkaline granites and represent a restite-poor melting product of a granodioritic protolith. The low MgO, Cr, Ni and Co concentrations and relatively high content of accessory phases (apatite, zircon) point to formation of water undersaturated, high temperature (>900 °C) melts at low degrees of partial melting. Although the G 14 granite lacks hornblende, in contrast to most of the granites from Bornholm, it seems geochemically related to them. Analysed samples mostly fit an intermediate position between the Rønne and Vang granitoids, which both belong to a group of Mesoproterozoic intrusions showing partial ductile deformation. (Y+Nb) vs. Rb plots suggest that all these granitic rocks were generated in intracratonic conditions. A genetic relationship between them and contemporaneously intruded Karlshamn-group granites in Blekinge, eastern Scania and Småland is supported by intrusion age of 1,460±3 Ma obtained from Pb-Pb isotope ratios measured on single zircons of the G 14 granite. 相似文献