大头鳕Gadus macrocephalus Tilesius摄食食性的初步研究

于2002年11月、12月共采集67尾黄海大头鳕，对其胃含物进行了初步分析。结果表明：大头鳕食物中出现的主要种类有鱼类、甲壳类、瓣鳃类、头足类、蛇尾类和海绵等六个生物类群，共22多种，其中主要有小黄鱼、方氏云鳚、大头鳕、脊腹褐虾、太平洋磷虾等。本文还对不同年份大头鳕食饵更替进行了探讨。     

Do bigger fish arrive and spawn at the spawning grounds before smaller fish: Cod (Gadus morhua) predation on beach spawning capelin (Mallotus villosus) from coastal Newfoundland

A relationship between body size and time of spawning has often been described for both pelagic and non-pelagic fish species that migrate for the purpose of spawning. The present study investigates this relationship for capelin (Mallotus villosus), a pelagic smelt-like species that spawns on the beaches of Newfoundland. Simple linear regressions were carried out separately for three groups of capelin: ovid females, spent females and males in three successive years (1982–1984). Bigger fish arrived near the spawning grounds first, for all three groups in all three years and was most obvious for female capelin. Analyses of stomach contents of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), an important predator of capelin in the Newfoundland area, showed a similar decrease in mean size of capelin throughout the capelin spawning season in June, July and August. Furthermore, analyses strongly suggest that early in the spawning seasons, when capelin abundance was high, cod selected for bigger capelin, whereas towards the end of the spawning seasons, when capelin abundance was low, cod did not show any size preference.     

黄海大头鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)种群特征的年际变化

根据1999—2002年和2007—2009年各年冬季共7个航次的底拖网调查资料,对黄海大头鳕的种群特征及其年际变化进行了研究。结果表明,大头鳕种群相对密度升高,优势年龄由1龄组升高到3龄组,雌性性成熟比例升高;两个调查阶段大头鳕的体长-体重关系分别为W=4.564×10-3L3.333和W=1.550×10-2L2.994;主要饵料均为甲壳类,饵料多样性指数(H′)从1.0升高到1.9,表明大头鳕生境宽度增加。大头鳕种群特征的变化可能与气候变化、黄海生态系统食物网结构的变化以及渔业保护有关。与20世纪80年代相比,两个调查阶段的大头鳕年龄结构仍然较为简单,且其分布范围较窄,资源易受外界环境变化的影响。因此,需关注环境因子和捕捞压力变化对黄海大头鳕资源的影响,制定合理养护措施,促进资源的可持续利用。     

太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)精液超低温冷冻方法的建立及精子超微结构分析

采用分步降温法冷冻保存太平洋鳕(Gadus macrocephalus)精液,并用扫描电镜和透射电镜技术研究了精子的超微结构损伤。分析了添加剂(蛋黄)及五种抗冻剂(PG(丙二醇)、DMSO(二甲基亚砜)、EG(乙二醇)、GLY(甘油)、MeOH(甲醇))不同浓度(8%、10%、12%、14%、16%、18%)对太平洋鳕精子冷冻保存效果的影响。实验结果表明,蛋黄能够显著提高太平洋鳕冷冻保存效果(P0.05);12%PG中添加10%蛋黄保存的冻融精子运动率最高(85.87%±1.6%),显著高于其他冻存组(P0.05)。添加蛋黄的12%浓度的DMSO组解冻后精子运动速率较高,平均直线速度、平均曲线速度、平均路径速度分别达到了(120.39±20.78)μm/s、(120.39±20.78)μm/s、(155.64±12.02)μm/s,与其他各实验组差异显著(P0.05)。通过扫描电镜和透射电镜观察新鲜和冻融后的鳕鱼精子发现,鲜精中75.5%精子形态结构正常、24.5%精子形态结构异常;运动率最高的冻精中67%精子形态结构正常、33%精子形态结构异常。超低温保存对太平洋鳕精子结构产生了显著影响,细胞膜破裂、线粒体肿胀变形,鞭毛脱落、断裂。