移动GIS的关键技术与应用

传统的野外数据采集等方式严重影响了GIS分析和决策结果的可靠性,尤其当突发事件发生时,如何在最短的时间内作出响应,实时掌握现场情况,并进行实时的救援应急,是目前亟须解决的问题.移动GIS的发展为其提供了新的解决方式.从GIS的发展以及作业的需求出发,对移动GIS的概念与特点予以阐述.并对其软硬件关键技术进行探讨,列举相关应用,对移动GIS的前景进行展望.     

Resolution of GPS carrier-phase ambiguities in Precise Point Positioning (PPP) with daily observations

Precise Point Positioning (PPP) has been demonstrated to be a powerful tool in geodetic and geodynamic applications. Although its accuracy is almost comparable with network solutions, the east component of the PPP results is still to be improved by integer ambiguity fixing, which is, up to now, prevented by the presence of the uncalibrated phase delays (UPD) originating in the receivers and satellites. In this paper, it is shown that UPDs are rather stable in time and space, and can be estimated with high accuracy and reliability through a statistical analysis of the ambiguities estimated from a reference network. An approach is implemented to estimate the fractional parts of the single-difference (SD) UPDs between satellites in wide- and narrow-lane from a global reference network. By applying the obtained SD-UPDs as corrections to the SD-ambiguities at a single station, the corrected SD-ambiguities have a naturally integer feature and can therefore be fixed to integer values as usually done for the double-difference ones in the network mode. With data collected at 450 stations of the International GNSS Service (IGS) through days 106 to 119 in 2006, the efficiency of the presented ambiguity-fixing strategy is validated using IGS Final products. On average, more than 80% of the independent ambiguities could be fixed reliably, which leads to an improvement of about 27% in the repeatability and 30% in the agreement with the IGS weekly solutions for the east component of station coordinates, compared with the real-valued solutions. An erratum to this article can be found at     

A new method for three-carrier GNSS ambiguity resolution

A new method for resolving the carrier-phase integer ambiguity in Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) is presented: the MOdified Cholesky factorization for Ambiguity (MOCA) resolution. The characteristics and features of this method are described and results obtained using a software simulator and an emulator are presented to validate its efficiency. The results are then compared to those obtained using another existing method and good performance of the MOCA method in new GNSS systems is shown. Furthermore, the proposed method yields accurate results even when short time spans are used or when there are poor estimations of measurement error, making it immune to non-ideal conditions and ultimately a practical solution for real applications.     

利用GNSS数据分析大港验潮站地壳沉降

青岛大港验潮站的地壳沉降关系到该站平均海平面的绝对变化,因而也就关系到我国高程基准面的变化。本文利用青岛GNSS基准站约10年的观测数据对该站的地壳沉降变化进行分析。首先将青岛GNSS基准站纳入由50个国际IGS站和43个国内陆态网络基准站组成的全球网中,进行单日松弛解和单日约束解解算,获得该站坐标时间序列。然后对该站垂向坐标时间序列进行分析,利用粗差探测、偏差探测、趋势项分析、频谱分析等方法对粗差、偏差、趋势项和周期项进行探测、分析,并通过时间序列模型估计获得时间序列中的周期项振幅和偏差估值。分析表明青岛GNSS基准站垂直方向近一段时间未发现存在显著性的地壳沉降变化,但受到比较明显的周年和半周年周期变化影响。结合青岛大港验潮站验潮数据分析结果得出结论:青岛大港验潮站平均海平面的绝对上升速率是1.62mm/a。     

不同型号GNSS接收机短基线检定实验研究

全球卫星导航系统(GNSS)以其全天候、操作简便、高精度等优点在测绘、航空、地质勘察、环境监测与保护等领域得到了广泛应用。为提高GNSS接收机检定设备的利用率和检定工作的效率,也为测量工作中提高GNSS接收机的使用效率提供可靠依据,文中设计了不同型号的GNSS接收机与相同型号GNSS接收机联合检测和联合数据处理的实验。实验证明,不同型号GNSS接收机联合检测具有可行性。     

稳健估计在GNSS高程拟合中的粗差探测

由于最小二乘法不能有效地抵抗粗差,而控制点的平面坐标和高程异常值中不可避免地含有误差,对应用最小二乘法和稳健估计法在GNSS高程拟合中的粗差探测进行探讨。通过对不同数量控制点的高程异常观测值中加入粗差,采用两种算法在求解GNSS高程拟合中的精度进行分析比较,并对粗差在稳健估计中的干扰范围进行研究,结果表明,稳健估计具有抵抗多个粗差的能力。     

GNSS多路径和信噪比相关性分析

在全球导航卫星系统(Global Navigation Satellite System,GNSS)接收机附近的反射、衍射、干扰信号等所造成的多路径效应是影响定位的主要误差来源。信噪比(Signal-Noise Ratio,SNR)的振荡是由多路径信号叠加在直接信号上引起的,基于此原理学者们提出了很多检测和缓解多路径误差的方法。本文通过谱分析的方法对多路径时间序列进行了分析,并研究多路径与信噪比之间的相关性,对基于信噪比检测和缓解多路径误差的方法的适用性进行了说明。实验表明:多路径和信噪比振荡值的时间序列具有显著的相关性,能够利用信噪比观测值削弱多路径影响。     

GNSS系统在桥梁施工控制中的应用分析

GNSS系统在测量领域应用越来越广泛,本文主要阐述了GNSS系统建立桥梁施工控制网的原理和方法,探讨了GNSS技术在桥梁施工控制测量中的应用,并且对比分析了全站仪测量的结果,最终得出GNSS系统用于桥梁施工控制不仅能够满足现在大型桥梁的施工精度要求,而且可以提高工作效率,节约成本。     

基于BERNESE全球网联合平差分析东北区域速度场

本文将东北区域陆态网基准站纳入到全球网联合平差解算,实现了数据的自动处理,获得周解,并通过时间序列分析获得了基准站在全球框架下的运动速率,并对其进行对比分析,进一步验证了解算策略的可行性和可靠性。     

全球导航卫星系统地面监测站优化设计方法

地面监测站数量和分布直接影响全球卫星导航系统的星历精度,其优化布设是提高系统性能的前提,也是系统建设需要重点关注的环节。给出了评价监测站布设性能的综合指标,提出了一种用于监测站覆盖性能评估的模型,并通过对MEO卫星半长轴的长期变化和回归经度漂移的分析,验证了该模型用于评价全球导航系统监测站优化布设的合理性。最后,综合利用覆盖性能指标和精密定轨精度指标对全球监测站不同布局方案进行了分析比较,给出了监测站优化布设方案。