Geomorphic appraisals of active tectonics associated with uplift of the Gohpur–Ganga section in Itanagar, Arunachal Pradesh, India

The Gohpur–Ganga section is located southwest of Itanagar, India. The study area and its adjacent regions lie between the Main Boundary Thrust (MBT) and the Himalayan Front Fault (HFF) within the Sub-Himalaya of the Eastern Himalaya. The Senkhi stream, draining from the north, passes through the MBT and exhibits local meandering as it approaches the study area. Here, five levels of terraces are observed on the eastern part, whereas only four levels of terraces are observed on the western part. The Senkhi and Dokhoso streams show unpaired terraces consisting of very poorly sorted riverbed materials lacking stratification, indicating tectonic activity during deposition. Crude imbrications are also observed on the terrace deposits. A wind gap from an earlier active channel is observed at latitude 27°04′42.4″ N and longitude 93°35′22.4″ E at the height of about 35 m from the present active channel of Senkhi stream. Linear arrangements of ponds trending northeast–southwest on the western side of the study section may represent the paleochannel of Dokhoso stream meeting the Senkhi stream abruptly through this gap earlier. Major lineament trends are observed along NNE–SSW, NE–SW and ENE–WSW direction. The Gohpur–Ganga section is on Quaternary deposits, resting over the Siwaliks with angular contact. Climatic changes of Pleistocene–Holocene times seem to have affected the sedimentation pattern of this part of the Sub-Himalaya, in association with proximal tectonism associated with active tectonic activities, which uplifted the Quaternary deposits. Older and younger terrace deposits seem to mark the Pleistocene–Holocene boundary in the study area with the older terraces showing a well-oxidized and semi-consolidated nature compared to the unoxidized nature of the younger terraces.     

丹麦海峡海洋锋时空变化特征研究

丹麦海峡海洋锋可为局地气候变化、海峡鱼类分布以及海峡中尺度涡等方面研究提供参考,在军事领域也具有较高应用价值。然而目前国内外缺乏对于丹麦海峡锋的系统研究。本文利用WOA13数据,对丹麦海峡锋位置、强度空间分布以及相应的季节变化进行了分析。结果显示,锋轴线位置在34°W以西150 m以浅相对稳定,34°W以东锋轴线随深度和季节均有摆动。锋强度在水平和垂直方向分布不均匀,水平方向上锋轴线最大值与最小值差值一般在3倍以上。垂直方向盐度锋主要集中在100 m以浅,且强度随深度不断减小;温度锋强度最大值在表层以下且在300 m以深随深度增加锋强度减小,但有一些区域如27°W和28°W附近,受到海底地形的影响温度锋强度随着深度的变化有大幅度增加的特点。     

北欧海的锋面分布特征及其季节变化

利用多年月平均格点数据分析了北欧海主要锋面的分布特征和季节变化规律,并讨论了月平均数据分析锋面适合使用的方法。月平均数据显示的锋面出现间断或多重的现象是锋面侧向摆动造成的,这是月平均数据的一大特点。北欧海各锋面主要水文和季节变化特征差异很大。东格陵兰极地锋在夏季锋面强度大,锋面较连续完整,而冬季强度小,锋面结构零散。9月由于东格陵兰寒流势力最强,可观察到温度梯度较大且连续的东格陵兰锋。北极锋的季节变化在水平方向呈＂哑铃型＂分布,中段摆动较南北两端小。由于挪威海流在冬季出现的最大流量引起挪威海流的流幅在该处加宽,莫恩海脊锋冬季向西北移动,对前人文章中基本上没有季节性移动的说法进行了修正和补充。冰岛—法罗群岛锋随深度增加向南移动,锋面强度增强,这是溢流造成的。     

The strengthening East Australian Current, its eddies and biological effects — an introduction and overview

The poleward flowing East Australian Current (EAC) is characterised by its separation from the coast, 100-200 nautical miles north of Sydney, to form the eastward flowing Tasman Front and a southward flowing eddy field. The separation zone greatly influences coastal ecosystems for the relatively narrow continental shelf (only 15-50 km wide), particularly between 32-34°S. In this region the continental shelf has a marked shift in the seasonal temperature-salinity relationship and elevated surface nitrate concentrations. This current parallels the portion of the coast where Australia’s population is concentrated and has a long history of scientific research. However, understanding of physical and biological processes driven by the EAC, particularly in linking circulation to ecosystems, is limited. In this special issue of 16 papers on the EAC, we examine the effects of climatic wind-stress forced ocean dynamics on EAC transport variability and coastal sea level, from ENSO to multi-decadal time scales; eddy formation and structure; fine scale connectivity and larval retention. Comparisons with the poleward-flowing Leeuwin Current on Australia’s west coast show differences in ecosystem productivity that can be attributed to the underlying physics in each region. On average there is double the chlorophyll a concentration on the east coast than the west. In comparison to the Leeuwin, the EAC may have less local retention of larvae and act as a partial barrier to onshore transport, which may also be related to the local spawning and early life history of small pelagic fish on each coast. Inter-annual variations in the EAC transport produce a detectable sea-level signal in Sydney Harbour, which could provide a useful fisheries index as does the Fremantle sea level and Leeuwin Current relationship. The EAC’s eddy structure and formation by the EAC are examined. A particular cold-core eddy is shown to have a “tilt” towards the coast, and that during a rotation the flow of particles may rise up to the euphotic zone and then down beneath. In a warm-core eddy, surface flooding is shown to produce a new shallower surface mixed layer and promote algal growth. An assessment of plankton data from 1938-1942 showed that the local, synoptic conditions had to be incorporated before any comparison with the present. There are useful relationships of water mass characteristics in the Tasman Sea and separation zone with larval fish diversity and abundance, as well as with long-line fisheries. These fisheries-pelagic habitat relationships are invaluable for fisheries management, as well as for climate change assessments.There is further need to examine the EAC influence on rainfall, storm activity, dust deposition, and on the movements by fish, sharks and whales. The Australian Integrated Marine Observing System (IMOS) has provided new infrastructure to determine the changing behaviour of the EAC and its bio-physical interaction with the coasts and estuaries. The forecasting and hindcasting capability developed under the Bluelink project has provided a new tool for data synthesis and dynamical analysis. The impact of a strengthening EAC and how it influences the livelihoods of over half the Australian population, from Brisbane to Sydney, Hobart and Melbourne, is just being realised.     

冷锋附近地面场中尺度特征及其与强对流天气的关系

本文利用山东潍坊台站提供的山东半岛部分加密测站地面场逐时资料和欧州中期预报中心（ECMWF）的逐日12时（GMT）大尺度纬带网格资料和国家气象局历史天气图，对一次冷锋在地面场的中尺度结构及其与强对能天气的关系和大尺度环境条件进行了诊断．结果发现：沿冷锋产生强天气的锋线附近存在类似于重力惯性波的中尺度波动；锋后中尺度冷高与强天气的分布有关；大尺度环境为强夭气产生提供了有利的条件。     

上海淤泥质潮滩潮锋作用及其形成机制初步探讨*

本文具体讨论了上海淤泥质潮滩的潮锋作用过程,定性给出了潮锋的形成机制,认为潮锋作用及其水体高含沙量现象的本质在于“潮锋带水体水流加速效应”,即,由于潮滩坡面变化平缓的特殊性,涨潮水体前锋沿程存在着一持续时间可达数十分钟的水流加速过程.最后,本文初步探讨了潮锋作用在滩面塑造过程中的地位,并重新定义了潮锋作用的内容.     

Scaling of capillary,gravity and viscous forces affecting flow morphology in unsaturated porous media

Interplay between capillary, gravity and viscous forces in unsaturated porous media gives rise to a range of complex flow phenomena affecting morphology, stability and dynamics of wetting and drainage fronts. Similar average phase contents may result in significantly different fluid distribution and patterns affecting macroscopic transport properties of the unsaturated medium. The formulation of general force balance within simplified pore spaces yields scaling relationships for motion of liquid elements in which gravitational force in excess of capillary pinning force scales linearly with viscous force. Displacement fluid front morphology is described using dimensionless force ratios expressed as Bond and Capillary numbers. The concise representations of a wide range of flow regimes with scaling relations, and predictive capabilities of front morphology based on dimensionless numbers lend support to certain generalizations. Considering available experimental data, we are able to define conditions for onset of unstable and intermittent flows leading to enhanced liquid and gas entrapment. These results provide a basis for delineation of a tentative value of Bo ∼ 0.05 as an upper limit of applicability of the Richards equation (at pore to sample scales) and related continuum-based flow models.     

黄海气旋数值模拟的可视化

对一次黄海气旋数值模拟进行了可视化研究, 给出了气旋云系、锋面、流场、涡度场的立体图像, 展示了可视化软件Live View在数值模拟研究中有广阔的应用前景.     

基于假反扰动的江淮梅雨锋低涡初始误差分析

以一个江淮梅雨锋低涡的48h模拟结果为基态计算了奇异矢量,并利用奇异矢量构造了假反扰动。分析表明,假反扰动能在一定程度上描述初始误差,可以借助其进行初始误差分析;在假反扰动中,发展缓慢的奇异矢量分量是主体,描述了绝大部分模拟误差且增长迅速的奇异矢量所占比例却很小;分析假反扰动的具体形势发现850hPa上初始误差主要是低涡西南方向的低压槽偏弱,而在500hPa,渤海湾低压槽向西南方向的伸展不够,低压槽东边的高压脊应进一步向北伸展,这些初始误差都分布在关键系统的周围,并且具有中尺度的特征。另外,假反扰动中不同物理量场改进预报质量的贡献各不相同,各种物理量场间存在着使其空间分布趋于一致的动力相关关系。