Deposition and preservation of fluvio-tidal shallow-marine sandstones: A re-evaluation of the Neoproterozoic Jura Quartzite (western Scotland)

The 2 to 5 km thick, sandstone-dominated (>90%) Jura Quartzite is an extreme example of a mature Neoproterozoic sandstone, previously interpreted as a tide-influenced shelf deposit and herein re-interpreted within a fluvio-tidal deltaic depositional model. Three issues are addressed: (i) evidence for the re-interpretation from tidal shelf to tidal delta; (ii) reasons for vertical facies uniformity; and (iii) sand supply mechanisms to form thick tidal-shelf sandstones. The predominant facies (compound cross-bedded, coarse-grained sandstones) represents the lower parts of metres to tens of metres high, transverse fluvio-tidal bedforms with superimposed smaller bedforms. Ubiquitous erosional surfaces, some with granule–pebble lags, record erosion of the upper parts of those bedforms. There was selective preservation of the higher energy, topographically-lower, parts of channel-bar systems. Strongly asymmetrical, bimodal, palaeocurrents are interpreted as due to associated selective preservation of fluvially-enhanced ebb tidal currents. Finer-grained facies are scarce, due largely to suspended sediment bypass. They record deposition in lower-energy environments, including channel mouth bars, between and down depositional-dip of higher energy fluvio-ebb tidal bars. The lack of wave-formed sedimentary structures and low continuity of mudstone and sandstone interbeds, support deposition in a non-shelf setting. Hence, a sand-rich, fluvial–tidal, current-dominated, largely sub-tidal, delta setting is proposed. This new interpretation avoids the problem of transporting large amounts of coarse sand to a shelf. Facies uniformity and vertical stacking are likely due to sediment oversupply and bypass rather than balanced sediment supply and subsidence rates. However, facies evidence of relative sea level changes is difficult to recognise, which is attributed to: (i) the areally extensive and polygenetic nature of the preserved facies, and (ii) a large stored sediment buffer that dampened response to relative sea-level and/or sediment supply changes. Consideration of preservation bias towards high-energy deposits may be more generally relevant, especially to thick Neoproterozoic and Lower Palaeozoic marine sandstones.     

江西省冻雨垂直温度层结分析及预报

利用1960-2013年江西省89个气象观测站常规观测资料,采用统计分析和插值处理方法,对江西106次冻雨过程垂直温度层结进行分析,并建立冻雨预报思路。结果表明：江西省冻雨发生通常伴随1000-850 hPa剧烈降温和700 hPa增温,925-700 hPa存在明显逆温。融化层是冻雨发生的必要条件,87.7 %样本融化层位于700 hPa,9.4 %样本融化层位于850 hPa;一般以1000 hPa温度<1.0 ℃、925 hPa和850 hPa温度<-2.0 ℃和700 hPa温度≥0.0 ℃作为江西冻雨预报的温度阈值标准,同时也应注意融化层位于850 hPa的情况。地面气温越低,越有利于冻雨形成,冻雨发生时最低气温为0.0 ℃以下,平均气温为1.0 ℃以下。冷暖空气持续在27°-28 °N交汇,且鄱阳湖以南至抚河流域平均气温＜1.0 ℃和最低气温＜0.0 ℃出现比其他地区多,造成该区域冻雨发生频次比其他地区明显偏多。另外,通过大气逆温层结、地面气温与冻雨的对应关系,建立基于模式资料和常规观测资料的自动诊断方法。     

氧化环境对油松花粉保存影响实验研究

花粉保存能力差异是影响花粉谱准确性的重要因素之一,采用KMnO4溶液和HNO3溶液作为氧化剂,模拟自然环境氧化条件对油松花粉保存影响情况.结果表明:同一KMnO4溶液浓度条件下,随时间延长油松花粉完好率呈下降趋势;浸泡相同时间,随KMnO4溶液浓度增大油松花粉完好率亦明显下降.经68%HNO3溶液浸泡18 h后,残留的完好花粉外壁变薄,纹饰变模糊,24 h后花粉几乎完全被溶解.一般认为油松花粉保存能力较强,而经2%KMnO4溶液和68%HNO3溶液处理后,发现在短时间内就足以使油松花粉大量破碎或溶解,表明氧化环境对油松花粉保存影响强烈.氧化环境对油松花粉腐蚀作用强于碱性环境.     

一次冻雨过程云物理特征的数值模拟

运用中尺度数值模式WRF3.5.1对2011年1月1日贵州境内的一次冻雨天气过程进行了数值模拟,研究了本次过程的大气层结、冻雨区云系的宏微观结构和云物理特征,初步分析了冻雨形成的云微物理过程和成因。结果表明,贵州境内的冻雨区(26°N~29°N)具有冷性和部分"冷—暖—冷"的温度层结,在高层没有显著的冰相粒子,冻雨区是相对较强的水汽辐合中心,丰富的水汽输送在冷性的环境条件下形成云滴,进而碰并产生雨滴,过冷雨水主要通过暖雨过程形成;雨滴继续下落至近地层并保持过冷雨水形式,最后接触到低于0°C的物体或地面,迅速冻结而产生地面冻雨。     

Apatite Fission Track Thermochronology of Granite from the Xiazhuang Uranium Ore Field, South China: Implications for Exhumation History and Ore Preservation

Xiazhuang uranium ore field, located in the southern part of the Nanling Metallogenic Belt, is considered one of the largest granite-related U regions in South China. In this paper, we contribute new apatite fission track data and thermal history modeling to constrain the exhumation history and evaluate preservation potential of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field. Nine Triassic outcrop granite samples collected from different locations of Xiazhuang Uranium ore field yield AFT ages ranging from 43 to 24 Ma with similar mean confined fission track lengths ranging from 11.8 ± 2.0 to 12.9 ± 1.9 μm and Dpar values between 1.01 and 1.51 μm. The robustness time-temperature reconstructions of samples from the hanging wall of Huangpi fault show that the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field experienced a time of monotonous and slow cooling starting from middle Paleocene to middle Miocene (~60–10 Ma), followed by relatively rapid exhumation in the late Miocene (~10–5 Ma) and nearly thermal stability in the Pliocene–Quaternary (~5–0 Ma). The amount of exhumation after U mineralization since the Middle Paleogene was estimated as ~4.3 ± 1.8 km according to the integrated thermal history model. Previous studies indicate that the ore-forming ages of U deposits in the Xiazhuang ore field are mainly before Middle Paleocene and the mineralization depths are more than 4.4 ± 1.2 km. Therefore, the exhumation history since middle Paleocene plays important roles in the preservation of the Xiazhuang Uranium ore field.     

川东北二叠系长兴组碳酸盐岩深埋成岩过程及其意义

上二叠统长兴组储层是川东北地区主力产层之一,储层岩性主要为结晶白云岩、残余生屑/砂屑白云岩、生物礁白云岩和亮晶生屑灰岩,储集空间以晶间孔、晶间溶孔为主,生物体腔孔、残余粒间孔次之,溶洞和裂缝少量发育。长兴组优质储层主要分布于台地边缘生物礁、台地边缘滩等沉积相带,该相带发育大量原生孔隙,易遭受大气淡水溶蚀改造。原生孔隙的发育为白云岩化流体与岩石相互作用提供空间,早期孔隙演变为晶间孔。白云岩抗压实能力较强,有利于高孔隙白云岩的保存。早三叠世快速深埋使长兴组迅速进入中深埋藏,深埋阶段,裂缝少量发育,部分被方解石充填,对储层贡献有限。晚三叠世油气充注隔绝了岩石与地层水的接触,抑制了孔隙内白云石的溶蚀和沉淀,储层先存孔隙得到较好的保存。快速深埋使孔隙迅速被埋藏封闭,深埋阶段水-岩反应处于近封闭的平衡状态,溶蚀-沉淀现象有限,深埋藏环境主要是储层孔隙保存和调整的场所,孔隙空间的位置可能重新分配。     

大庆长垣南部浅层气成因及成藏机制

大庆长垣南部浅层气主要为来源于嫩江组一二段的生物气, 混入少量的青山口组热成因气和无机成因的CO₂.明水组沉积末期为嫩江组一二段大量生排生物气时期, 此时断裂活动导致黑帝庙油层背斜和断圈的形成, 并诱导生物气垂向运移, "三期复合"使大量生物气向黑帝庙油层运移.活动断层均为"断裂密集带"的边界断层, 沿其垂向运移的生物气聚集的部位取决于断层与两盘地层的配置关系, 与断层倾向相反的一盘是生物气聚集的主要部位, 大庆长垣南部总体为"西缓东陡"的不对称背斜, 生物气主要富集在断裂密集带东部边界的圈闭中.黑帝庙油层纵向上分为5套储盖组合, 下部3套组合盖层厚度较大, 受断层错断的概率较小, 是主要的目的层.黑帝庙油层大部分圈闭为"断圈", 断层侧向封闭性决定圈闭的潜力, 断层侧向封闭所需SGR低限为0.375, 利用Allan图解标定断层侧向封闭性并分析圈闭的潜力, 与不考虑断层侧向封闭性时圈闭有3种变化: 一是断层侧向封闭, 面积和幅度没有改变的圈闭(Ⅰ型); 二是断层侧向封闭具有分段性, 面积和幅度变小的圈闭(Ⅱ型); 三是断层侧向不封闭, 不存在的圈闭(Ⅲ型).其中Ⅰ和Ⅱ型圈闭是生物气聚集的有利目标.从大庆长垣南部看松辽盆地浅层气成藏关键因素是有沟通气源的断层控制的圈闭的完整性(背斜或断层侧向封闭性较好的断圈)和区域稳定分布的盖层.      

MAINTAINING AUTHENTICITY AND INTEGRITY AT CULTURAL WORLD HERITAGE SITES

To be considered for listing as a World Heritage site, properties must meet the conditions of “integrity” and/or “authenticity” and be of “outstanding universal value.” Identifying and maintaining authenticity and integrity at cultural heritage sites are challenging goals, however. The concepts are difficult to define and are open to different interpretations in different cultural settings. Additionally, the diversity of sites and wide variety of influences on them require individualized approaches to preservation in many cases. Nonetheless, authenticity and integrity are useful guiding concepts in striving for a systematic approach to preservation in diverse contexts. In this article we discuss preservation approaches that are appropriate at a range of sites, paying particular attention to the tensions that arise when balancing the need to maintain authenticity and integrity with the needs of the people who live in or visit these sites.     

大巴山前陆冲断带古水动力演化阶段及其对油气藏形成和保存的影响

针对传统古水动力阶段划分存在的问题,结合大巴山前陆冲断带特殊构造特征,以油气成藏组合为单元,将大巴山前陆冲断带古水动力演化阶段划分为沉积水动力阶段、渗入水动力阶段、构造作用水动力阶段和埋藏水动力阶段。其中下部油气成藏组合主要经历了1个沉积水动力阶段、4个渗入水动力阶段、4个埋藏水动力阶段和3个构造作用水动力阶段,中部油气成藏组合主要经历了1个沉积水动力阶段、3个渗入水动力阶段、2个埋藏水动力阶段和3个构造作用水动力阶段,而上部油气成藏组合主要经历了渗入水动力阶段。二叠纪至早白垩世的埋藏水动力阶段有利于下部油气成藏组合油气的生成和运聚成藏,但是构造作用水动力阶段,对油气藏的调整和改造作用影响很大,晚白垩世之后的渗入水动力阶段,导致下部成藏组合的油气藏进一步遭到调整和破坏。在晚三叠世末至晚白垩世的埋藏水动力和构造作用水动力阶段,中部成藏组合的原油发生大量裂解,同时形成了许多调整-改造型油气藏,晚白垩世之后的渗入水动力和构造作用水动力阶段,大巴山前陆坳陷带中部成藏组合的油气藏发生了大量的调整和改造作用,而大巴山前陆基底拆离构造带和前陆盖层滑脱构造带中部成藏组合的油气藏则主要表现为改造和破坏作用。     

利用土壤游离烃技术判别油气藏性质及保存条件

摘要：土壤游离烃技术通过直接检测受地表景观介质变化影响小的游离态轻烃异常来获取地下油气信息。塔里木盆地试验区已知油气藏上方具有良好的游离烃化探异常显示,干燥系数在840~1989之间,显示游离烃异常与深部油气的热演化相关。土壤游离烃组分平衡系数、湿度系数、特征系数等指标预测与判断地下油气藏性质的结果与实际地质结果相吻合。近地表游离烃的甲烷/丙烷指标均值高达25~116,由北向南依次增大,说明油气藏埋藏深度依次增大。丁烷异构比和戊烷异构比特征显示雅克拉油气区有机质成熟度最高。结果表明：游离烃的轻烃组分和含量变化特征能够预测与判断地下油气藏的位置、性质、有机质成熟度和保存条件。