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611.
Recurrence relations have been derived for truncation error coefficients of the extended Stokes' function and its partial
derivatives required in the computation of the disturbing gravity vector at any elevation above the earth's surface. The corresponding
formulae, the example of values of the truncation error coefficients for H=30.1 km and ψ0=30∘ and the estimations of truncation error are given in this article.
Received: 26 January 1996 / Accepted: 11 June 1997 相似文献
612.
613.
H. Gonzlez Rodríguez I. Cantú Silva M. V. Gmez Meza R. G. Ramírez Lozano 《Journal of Arid Environments》2004,58(4):214
As an approach to understand how diurnal and seasonal plant water potentials (Ψ) are related to soil water-content and evaporative demand components, the responses of six thornscrub shrubs species (Havardia pallens, Acacia rigidula, Eysenhardtia texana, Diospyros texana, Randia rhagocarpa, and Bernardia myricaefolia) of the north-eastern region of Mexico to drought stress were investigated during the course of 1 year. All study species showed the typical diurnal pattern of variation in Ψ. That is, Ψ decreased gradually from predawn (Ψpd) maximal values to reach minima at midday (Ψmd) and began to recover in the late afternoon. On a diurnal basis and with adequate soil water-content (>0.20 kg kg−1), diurnal Ψ values differed among shrub species and were negatively and significantly (p<0.001) correlated with air temperature (r=−0.741 to −0.883) and vapor pressure deficit (r=−0.750 to −0.817); in contrast, a positive and significant (p<0.001) relationship was found to exist with relative humidity (r=0.758–0.842). On a seasonal basis, during the wettest period (soil water-content>0.20 kg kg−1), higher Ψpd (−0.10 MPa) and Ψmd (−1.16 MPa) values were observed in R. rhagocarpa, whereas lower figures (−0.26 and −2.73 MPa, respectively) were detected in A. rigidula. On the other hand, during the driest period (soil water-content<0.15 kg kg−1), Ψpd and Ψmd values were below −7.3 MPa; i.e. when shrubs species faced severe water deficit. Soil water-content at different soil layers, monthly mean relative humidity and monthly precipitation were significantly correlated with both Ψpd (r=0.538–0.953; p<0.01) and Ψmd (r=0.431–0.906; p<0.05). Average soil water-content in the 0–50 cm soil depth profile explained between 70% and 87% of the variation in Ψpd. Results have shown that when gravimetric soil water-content values were above 0.15 kg kg−1, Ψpd values were high and constant; below this threshold value, Ψ declined gradually. Among all shrub species, A. rigidula appeared to be the most drought tolerant of the six species since during dry periods it tends to sustain significantly higher Ψpd in relation to B. myricaefolia. The remaining species showed an intermediate pattern. It is concluded that the ability of shrub species to cope with drought stress depends on the pattern of water uptake and the extent to control water loss through the transpirational flux. 相似文献
614.
The Oramiriukwa River is within the sandy coastal plain strata of the Benin formation (Miocene–Recent). The base flow is very
high ranging from 79.13–98.56%, which is caused by the excellent hydraulic interconnection between the river and the adjacent
unconfined aquifer. Recharge rates are high, estimated to range from 1.8×1012–2.5×1012 m3/year. Coastal sands are medium-to-coarse grained, moderately-to-poorly sorted, angular to subangular, with lenses of clay
and clayey fine-grained sands. The coastal sands and clay lenses form aquifer and aquitard systems, which are unconfined to
semi-confined. Groundwater recharge potential is high. Runoff from precipitation is low. Groundwater and surface water are
fairly acidic; pH ranges from 5.5–6.1 (groundwater) and 5.8–6.5 (surface water), and hardness is generally low. Chemical analysis
and percentage sodium show that groundwater and surface water are somewhat potable after some pH modification of the surface
water. The waters are good for agricultural use, especially for irrigation and poultry water supply. However, pollution from
landfill leachate is serious.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
615.
We review the state of the art in modeling of variable-density flow and transport in porous media, including conceptual models for convection systems, governing balance equations, phenomenological laws, constitutive relations for fluid density and viscosity, and numerical methods for solving the resulting nonlinear multifield problems. The discussion of numerical methods addresses strategies for solving the coupled spatio-temporal convection process, consistent velocity approximation, and error-based mesh adaptation techniques. As numerical models for those nonlinear systems must be carefully verified in appropriate tests, we discuss weaknesses and inconsistencies of current model-verification methods as well as benchmark solutions. We give examples of field-related applications to illustrate specific challenges of further research, where heterogeneities and large scales are important. 相似文献
616.
Scaling relations for seismic events induced by mining 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
S. J. Gibowicz 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》1995,144(2):191-209
The values of seismic moment andS-wave corner frequency from 1575 seismic events induced in South African, Canadian, Polish, and German underground mines were collected to study their scaling relations. The values ofP-wave corner frequency from 649 events were also available. Seismic moments of these events range from 5*103 to 2*1015 N·m (moment magnitude is from –3.6 to 4.1), theS-wave corner frequency ranges from 0.7 to 4438 Hz, and theP-wave corner frequency is between 5 and 4010 Hz. The slope of a regression line between the logarithm ofS- andP-wave corner frequencies is equal to one, and the corner frequencies ofP waves are higher than those ofS waves on the average by about 25 percent. In studies of large and moderate earthquakes it has been found that stress drop is approximately independent of the seismic moment, which means that seismic moment is inversely proportional to the third power of corner frequency. Such a behavior was confirmed for most of the data considered here. A breakdown in the similarity betwen large and small events seems to occur for the events with moment magnitude below –2.5. The average values of seismic moment referred to the same range of corner frequency, however, are vastly different in various mining areas. 相似文献
617.
Most downstream hydraulic geometry exponents have been found to be very close to the classic values reported by Leopold and Maddock (1953). These have been viewed as the simplified cases to general trends because the hydraulic geometry of alluvial channels is actually the product of ‘multivariate controls’ (Richards, 1982). This paper is an attempt to develop a soundly based foundation for the explanation of the physical mechanisms of these controls. A quantitative relationship between channel shape and boundary shear distribution developed from experimental flume results is found to be applicable in some instances to alluvial channels, particularly to stable canals. On the basis of this relationship, it is shown that downstream hydraulic geometry is determined not only by flow discharge, but also by channel slope, channel average roughness and sediment composition of the channel boundary. This is strongly supported by our analysis of 529 observations from both stable canals and natural rivers in the U.S.A. and the U.K. The difference between regime relations in canals and the hydraulic geometry of rivers appears to be caused mainly by channel slope and average roughness, which can be regarded as constants only in stable canals. The close relationship between discharge and channel average roughness observed in canals is not repeated in natural channels, partly because of the variety of flow values used to define the channel-forming discharge. Furthermore, it is indicated that the effects of the sediment composition of the channel boundary on hydraulic geometry are significant and need further investigation. 相似文献
618.
and 《Hydrogeology Journal》2001,9(3):265-272
The report discusses the stable isotope values and major solute compositions of 16 springs and river-water samples along
a topographic gradient in the main rift valley of southern Ethiopia. Most of the springs used for drinking water supplies
discharge from local flow systems at scales of only tens of meters. The δ18O and δD values of waters unaffected by shallow evaporation form a local meteoric water line of δD=8.1δ18O+19.0, almost identical to that for the eastern Mediterranean area. The δ18O values show an altitude effect of –0.5‰ per 100-m elevation rise. Total dissolved nitrogen concentrations locally exceed
6 mg/L (as N), and phosphate concentrations were elevated above background levels in some springs, exceeding 0.2 mg/L PO4, probably due to agricultural practices upgradient of the springs. Modest well-head protection should be considered to protect
public health from the effects of pollution by agricultural waste, given the very local scale of the flow systems providing
spring water to Ethiopian villages.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
619.
620.
本文论述了美国的外国直接投资额、外国直接投资密度和外国直接投资年增长率的地区差异,并用这三个数量指标来综合评价各州投资环境的优劣,按综合得分值的高低将美国本土划分为四类区域:Ⅰ类投资环境区、Ⅱ类投资环境区、Ⅲ类投资环境和Ⅳ类投资环境区。 相似文献