利用自生伊利石激光加热~(40)Ar-~(39)Ar定年技术探讨惠州凹陷新近系油气充注时间

油气成藏年代学是新兴的学科发展方向。烃类充注之后,砂岩储层中自生伊利石停止生长,故可利用自生伊利石的年龄来推断储集层中油气藏形成的最老年龄。砂岩样品中存在的有机质在质谱仪离子源中产生的覆盖40Ar峰的有机碎片离子m/e36-m/e40将导致错误的同位素分析和年龄谱结果。经预处理后的伊利石样品加热后在质谱仪离子源中确实产生了有机碎片离子m/e36-m/e44,为获得可靠的分析结果,必须完全清除有机杂质气体。在攻克了有机杂质气体纯化技术之后,笔者开展了珠江口盆地惠州凹陷内3个富油气二级构造带油气藏砂岩自生伊利石40Ar-39Ar法定年研究,采取样品清洗、循环冷冻—加热法破碎样品、经苯-甲醇混合试剂洗油、采用离心机分离粘土矿物。自生伊利石激光阶段加热40Ar-39Ar定年最初低温阶段综合年龄结果表明,惠州凹陷珠海组和珠江组自生伊利石加权平均年龄分别为(12.1±1.1)Ma和(9.9±1.2)Ma,惠州凹陷新近系油气成藏关键时间为10Ma左右。结合该区断裂发育史、油气成藏组合和流体包裹体均一化温度等资料进一步分析认为,中中新世末—晚中新世末的晚期断层活化加强了新近系油气的成藏。     

Low-density CO2-rich fluid inclusions from charnockites of southwestern Madurai Granulite Block, southern India; implications on graphite mineralization

Characterization of fluid inclusions in graphite-bearing charnockites from the southwestern part of the Madurai Granulite Block in southern India reveals a probable relation with the formation and break down of graphite during the high-grade metamorphism. The first-generation monophase pure CO₂ inclusions, the composition of which is confirmed by laser Raman spectroscopy, recorded moderate density (0.77–0.87 g/cc) corresponding to low tapping pressure (around 2 kb) than that of the peak granulite-facies metamorphism. The precipitation of graphite, as inferred from graphite inclusions and δ¹³C values of the graphite from the outcrops, is interpreted as the cause of this lowering of fluid density. An intermediate generation of pseudosecondary inclusions resulted from the re-equilibration or modification of the first-generation fluids and the CO₂ formed is interpreted to be the oxidation product from graphite. The youngest generation of fluids which caused widespread retrogression of the granulites is a low-temperature (350 °C) high-saline (32.4–52.0 wt% NaCl equivalent) brine. Carbon isotope data on the graphite from the charnockites show δ¹³C values ranging from −11.3 to −19.9‰, suggesting a possibility of mixing of carbon sources, relating to earlier biogenic and later CO₂ fluid influx. Combining the information gathered from petrologic, fluid inclusion and carbon stable isotope data, we model the fluid evolution in the massive charnockites of the southwestern Madurai Granulite Block.     

The dynamics of big mantle wedge, magma factory, and metamorphic–metasomatic factory in subduction zones

The East Asian continental margin is underlain by stagnant slabs resulting from subduction of the Pacific plate from the east and the Philippine Sea plate from the south. We classify the upper mantle in this region into three major domains: (a) metasomatic–metamorphic factory (MMF), subduction zone magma factory (SZMF), and the ‘big mantle wedge’ (BMW). Whereas the convection pattern is anticlockwise in the MMF domain, it is predominantly clockwise in the SZMF and BMW, along a cross section from the south. Here we define the MMF as a small wedge corner which is driven by the subducting Pacific plate and dominated by H₂O-rich fluids derived by dehydration reactions, and enriched in large ion lithophile elements (LILE) which cause the metasomatism. The SZMF is a zone intermediate between MMF and BMW domains and constitutes the main region of continental crust production by partial melting through wedge counter-corner flow. Large hydrous plume generated at about 200 km depth causes extensive reduction in viscosity and the smaller scale hydrous plumes between 60 km and 200 km also bring about an overall reduction in the viscosity of SZMF. More fertile and high temperature peridotites are supplied from the entrance to this domain. The domain extends obliquely to the volcanic front and then swings back to the deep mantle together with the subducting slab. The BMW occupies the major portion of upper mantle in the western Pacific and convects largely with a clockwise sense removing the eastern trench oceanward. Sporadic formation of hydrous plume at the depth of around 410 km and the curtain flow adjacent to the trench cause back arc spreading. We envisage that the heat source in BMW could be the accumulated TTG (tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite) crust on the bottom of the mantle transition zone. The ongoing process of transportation of granitic crust into the mantle transition zone is evident from the deep subduction of five intra-oceanic arcs on the subducting Philippine Sea plate from the south, in addition to the sediment trapped subduction by the Pacific plate and Philippine Sea plate. The dynamics of MMF, SZMF and BMW domains are controlled by the angle of subduction; a wide zone of MMF in SW Japan is caused by shallow angle subduction of the Philippine Sea plate and the markedly small MMF domain in the Mariana trench is due to the high angle subduction of Pacific plate. The domains in NE Japan and Kyushu region are intermediate between these two. During the Tertiary, a series of marginal basins were formed because of the nearly 2000 km northward shift of the subduction zone along the southern margin of Tethyan Asia, which may be related to the collision of India with Asia and the indentation. The volume of upper mantle under Asia was reduced extensively on the southern margin with a resultant oceanward trench retreat along the eastern margin of Asia, leading to the formation of a series of marginal basins. The western Pacific domain in general is characterized by double-sided subduction; from the east by the oldest Pacific plate and from the south by the oldest Indo-Australian plate. The old plates are hence hydrated extensively even in their central domains and therefore of low temperature. The cracks have allowed the transport of water into the deeper portions of the slab and these domains supply hydrous fluids even to the bottom of the upper mantle. Thus, a fluid dominated upper mantle in the western Pacific drives a number of microplates and promote the plate boundary processes.     

Geochronological,stable isotopes and fluid inclusion constraints for a premetamorphic development of the intrusive-hosted Björkdal Au deposit,northern Sweden

The Björkdal gold deposit, bound to a quartz vein system which is mainly hosted by a quartz-monzodioritic intrusion, is situated at the easternmost part of the 1.9 Ga Skellefte base metal district in the Fennoscandian shield. Three fluid stages may be distinguished, referred to as a “barren” stage, a main gold stage, and a remobilization stage, respectively. From oxygen and hydrogen isotope evidence, it is argued that fluids of different origins (magmatic and surface waters) penetrated the ore zone at the inferred stages, but regional metamorphic fluids appear essentially only to have redistributed elements. Early quartz veining took place during a pre-metamorphic stage at ca. 1.88 Ga, as evidenced by unradiogenic galena data and an Sm–Nd scheelite errorchron of 1,915 ± 32 Ma (MSWD = 0.25). Temporarily, the main ore-forming stage was closely related to the first barren stage and took place during a major uplift event close to 1.88 Ga. Although other source rocks cannot be totally ruled out, available isotope data (O, S, Sr and Pb) are seemingly consistent with the view that these elements, and by inference other ore elements, were derived from the host intrusion.     

河南省栾川南泥湖斑岩型钼钨矿床流体包裹体研究

河南省栾川县南泥湖超大型钼钨矿床形成于秦岭造山带的燕山期大陆碰撞体制,流体成矿过程包括早、中、晚3个阶段,分别以石英+钾长石±辉钼矿±黄铁矿、石英+多金属硫化物±碳酸盐和石英+碳酸盐+萤石组合为标志,矿石矿物主要沉淀于中阶段.早、中阶段石英中可见纯CO_2包裹体、CO_2-H_2O型包裹体、水溶液包裹体和含子晶多相包裹体,但晚阶段萤石中只发育水溶液包裹体.早阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中于350～460℃,盐度为5.68 wt%～17.87 wt% NaCl.eqv.中阶段包裹体均一温度集中在250～380℃,盐度为3.00 wt%～38.16 wt% NaCl.eqv;中阶段多相包裹体中常见石盐、黄铜矿和未知种类的子矿物,指示流体具有沸腾所致的还原性、过饱和特征;盐度相差悬殊的含子晶多相包裹体、富气相水溶液包裹体和富液相水溶液包裹体共存,在相近温度下异相均一,表明流体沸腾的存在.晚阶段流体包裹体均一温度集中在115～265℃,盐度介于0.53 wt%～1.23 wt%NaCl.eqv之间.估算早、中阶段流体捕获压力分别为70～300MPa和30～150MPa,推测成矿深度约为3km.总之,成矿流体具高温、高盐度、高氧逸度、富CO_2的特征;流体沸腾导致CO_2逃逸,氧化性降低,成矿物质沉淀.     

粤北连平地区钨锡多金属矿床成矿时代研究

粤北连平地区钨锡多金属矿床类型主要为石英脉型.采用云母Ar-Ar法和石英包裹体Rb-Sr法.分别获得:锯板坑含钨锡石英脉中的云母Ar-Ar坪年龄为(139.2±1.5)Ma(等时线年龄为143.6±3.9 Ma,MSWD:0.30):鸡啼石含钨石英脉中石英包裹体Rb-Sr等时线年龄为(155.4±5.1)Ma(MSWD=2.1).结果表明该区存在燕山早期和燕山早晚过渡期两期钨锡多金属成矿作用,并且认为:(1)鸡啼石钨矿为南岭地区中生代大规模成岩成矿作用高峰期(150～160 Ma)的产物;(2)南岭地区140 Ma左右也有大型钨锡多金属矿的形成.这一成果为研究区域成矿规律,指导区域找矿提供了重要同位素年代学依据.     

滇西北兰坪金顶可能的古油气藏及对铅锌大规模成矿的作用

滇西北兰坪中—新生代沉积盆地产有中国最大的铅锌矿床,巨量铅锌矿石集中产在金顶穹窿内,矿石中不同产状的干酪根、轻质原油、重油、烃类气、沥青等多种成熟形式的有机物质丰富。对矿区有机物质进行了岩相学、生物标志化合物、碳同位素及铅同位素分析,结果显示：有机物质中氯仿沥青“A”的质量分数为（72～395 415.42）×10^-6,w（饱和烃）/w（芳香烃）普遍大于1,饱和烃中检测出丰度较高的正构烷烃、Pr、Ph和iC18等生物标志化合物,烃源母质为藻类生物Ⅰ型有机质;相对于区域岩石,矿石中有机物质的有机转化率较低（0.5%～7.2%,平均为3.05%）,已明显受热而成熟;透射全色光和紫外光显微镜在矿石光薄片样品中鉴别出较多原油和烃类气体包裹体。研究表明：金顶穹窿具有油气成藏“生、运、储、盖、闭”等配套发育的良好条件,矿区油气显示和古油气藏遗迹明显,铅锌成矿前或成矿中可能已形成油气藏;这个可能的油气藏以富含原油、烃类和H2S等还原性气体为成分特征;金顶古油气藏中H2S等还原性气体的聚集及其导致铅锌硫化物快速集中沉淀是大规模成矿的关键,成藏—成矿是金顶穹窿中一个连续发生、发展的动力学过程,成藏是成矿的前提。     

Degree of Brine Evaporation and Origin of the Mengyejing Potash Deposit: Evidence from Fluid Inclusions in Halite

The Mengyejing potash deposit is located in the southern port of the Simao Basin, Yunnan Province, and is hosted in mid-Cretaceous strata. The chemical compositions of fluid inclusions in halite crystals, collected from the level-610 adit in the deposit, were analysed by laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results show that the brine is of the Na-K-Mg-Ca-Cl type and has K concentrations that are distinctly higher than those of Mg and Ca, unlike normal brines associated with Cretaceous halite. The high K concentrations indicate that the degree of evaporation of the ancient Mengyejing saline lake was very high, reaching the sylvite deposition stage but rarely reaching the carnallite deposition stage. The trajectory of the H and O isotopic compositions of the brines in the halite-hosted fluid inclusions corresponds to intense evaporation, indicating that the net evaporation exceeded the net inflow of brines. These brine compositions in halite-hosted fluid inclusions were likely formed by the dissolution of previously deposited K-bearing minerals by fresh continental and/or seawater, forming a type of modified seawater, with deep hydrothermal fluids potentially supplying additional potassium. The basin likely experienced multiple seawater incursion, dissolution and redeposition events in a high-temperature environment with high evaporation rates.     

桂中盘龙铅锌矿流体包裹体特征及其对钦杭成矿带热水喷流-改造成矿作用的指示

盘龙铅锌矿是近年来在钦杭成矿带南段新发现的大型铅锌矿床,位于广西大瑶山西侧,属于桂中坳陷带与大瑶山隆起的结合部位。它的容矿围岩为泥盆纪上伦组白云岩。成矿过程可分为三个成矿期:1)原生沉积期,以星散状构造、似层状-条带状构造、浸染状构造、胶状-变胶状构造、草莓状构造、揉皱构造等矿石组构特征为代表;2)活化改造期,成矿元素重新活化富集形成网脉状构造、假角砾状构造、环带构造、晶洞构造、小球状构造、交代结构、压力结构等;3)地表氧化期,原生的硫化物在地表被氧化。本研究系统分析了原生沉积期和活化改造期重晶石内的流体包裹体特征。包裹体岩相学分析显示,两个期次的流体包裹体类型均比较简单,主要为富液相的气液两相包裹体。显微测温结果显示,原生沉积期均一温度范围110.0~234.3℃(平均值为147℃),盐度介于0.33%~15.57%NaCleqv之间(均值为7.09%Nacleqv)。活化改造期均一温度稍低于原生沉积期,但盐度却明显高于前者,均一温度范围107.9~179.5℃(平均值为139℃),盐度范围1.81%~21.24%NaCleqv(均值为10.90%Nacleqv)。拉曼分析测试显示,两个成矿期次流体包裹体气相组分主要为H_2O。原生沉积期和活化改造期成矿流体均具有中低温、低盐度和贫CO_2的特征。结合重晶石矿物的产出状态,原生沉积期流体特征与SEDEX型矿床流体特征相吻合,而对其改造的后期流体与浅成低温热液矿床或者SEDEX型矿床流体特征相符。联系到区域演化历史及海底热水的幕式喷发特征,本研究认为,盘龙铅锌矿是典型的古生代热水喷流沉积叠加后期改造成矿的复合"二阶段成矿作用"的结果,对古生代地层中SEDEX型矿床的改造动力来源于后期浅成低温热液活动,也可能是晚期的又一次热水喷流活动。     

拉拉铁铜矿床成因:来自隐爆角砾岩结构定量化和锆石U-Pb年代学的证据

拉拉铁铜矿床被认为是中国西南地区规模最大的元古代内生金属矿床。该矿床主要赋存于古元古代河口群地层中,传统上被归属为火山喷流-沉积成因。近年来,一些学者陆续发现拉拉铁铜矿床中有Au、REE、Mo等金属的富集,因而将其归属为IOCG矿床。但是,对该区出露的隐爆角砾岩及其与成矿作用的关系缺乏详细报道,因而对矿床成因和成矿时代的判断尚显依据不足。作者对拉拉铁铜矿床的小露天采坑及其邻近地区进行了详细野外地质观察和剖面测量,发现采坑内出露的角砾岩具有隐爆角砾岩的特征。角砾主要来自下伏河口群的细碧-角斑岩建造,呈棱角状-次圆状,由热液物质胶结,且胶结物中见有矿化现象。定量化结构分析表明,隐爆角砾岩中的角砾具有机械破碎成因的特点,其分形特征与火山碎屑岩类似,定向程度和圆度明显不同于断层角砾岩。对角斑岩和隐爆角砾岩分别进行了锆石U-Pb年代学分析。来自角斑岩中的锆石晶体具有典型的岩浆锆石特征,产生了1720±11Ma的锆石U-Pb年龄;而来自隐爆角砾岩的锆石晶体展示了较显著的后期热液改造特征。岩相学观察表明,细碧岩和角斑岩在成矿作用之前经受过强烈构造变形,表现为岩石的片理化,而沿片理面充填的含矿细脉则没有任何变形的迹象。据此可以得出结论:(1)拉拉铁铜矿床的形成时间明显晚于细碧-角斑岩建造,不支持火山喷流-沉积成因的观点;(2)矿区内产有与成矿作用紧密相关的隐爆角砾岩,后者被认为是IOCG型矿床的重要标志之一。前人报道的成矿元素组合特征以及本文提供的新证据支持该矿床为IOCG型矿床的认识。其成矿过程为成矿流体在流体库中膨胀后并由下部上侵,下部流体遇薄弱带侵入成矿,上部流体在密闭空间内形成超压进而发生爆破,并侵入细碧岩的片理中成矿,这种成因过程类似于透岩浆流体成矿模型。