Fumarolic gases at Mombacho volcano (Nicaragua): presence of magmatic gas species and implications for volcanic surveillance

Mombacho is a deeply dissected volcano belonging to the Quaternary volcanic chain of Nicaragua. The southern, historic collapse crater (El Crater) currently hosts a fumarolic field with a maximum temperature of 121°C. Chemical and isotopic data from five gas-sampling field campaigns carried out in 2002, 2003 and 2005 highlight the presence of high-temperature gas components (e.g. SO₂, HCl and HF), which indicate a significant contribution of juvenile magmatic fluids to the hydrothermal system feeding the gas discharges. This is strongly supported by the mantle-derived helium and carbon isotopic signatures, although the latter is partly masked by either a sedimentary subduction-related or a shallow carbonate component. The observed chemical and isotopic composition of the Mombacho fluids seems to indicate that this volcanic system, although it has not experienced eruptive events during the last centuries, can be considered active and possibly dangerous, in agreement with the geophysical data recorded in the region. Systematic geochemical monitoring of the fumarolic gas discharges, coupled with a seismic and ground deformation network, is highly recommended in order to monitor a possible new eruptive phase.     

作为赋存于花岗岩中钨锡矿化勘探指南的流体包裹体异常——前景展望

Studies of the distribution and abundance of fluid inclusions in granitic quartz associated with granite-hosted Sn-W mineralization of the British Isles reveal local and regional scale anomalies.At a sampling interval of c.5～50m,inclusion abundances increase towards zones of vein and stockwork mineralization exemplified by case history examples from exploration prospects in the Mourne Mountains of Northern Ireland and the Carrock Fell mining district of northwestern England.These steam aureoles provide a greater exploration target than the zone of visible alteration and mineralization and the lithogeochemical halo.But it is important to link them to geochemical data on fluid inclusion compositions,such as the semi-quantitative data from decrepitation-linked,ICP-AES (D-ICP)analysis,to optimize their exploration potential.Regional scale fluid inclusion anomalies,based on sampling intervals of c. 2km from the Sn-W mineralized granites of southwest England also broadly correlate with zones of intense mineralization in some areas. Regional-scale D-ICP analyses of quartz from SW England granites did not provide any convincing regional scale anomalies linked to mineralization except for positive boron anomalies around the centrally-mineralized Birch Tor area of the Dartmoor granite.Follow-up D-ICP analysis of quartz from stream sediments from this area,however,could be used to discriminate between samples related to mineralization from those draining unmineralized areas,using multivariate statistical analysis.At the present stage of development, the main contribution of fluid inclusion studies to mineral exploration is mostly limited to the conceptual stage where they continue to contribute to ore genetic theory and models.Costs and lack of knowledge transfer between research scientists and mineral explorationists limit their direct use during regional and target selection stages of exploration.Analysis of steam sediment quartz,using the more sensitive ICP-MS technique as a variant of the D-ICP method,appears to offer the greatest potential for future development as an exploration tool.     

中国云南哀牢山含海蓝宝石伟晶岩的起源和成岩模拟实验研究

The Ailaoshan aquamarine-bearing pegmatites are associated with Proterozoic metamorphic rocks in the southern portion of the Ailaoshan fault-folded complex.The gem-bearing pegmatite mineralization zones of the region occur in areas generally consistent with the regional tectonic trend.The pegmatites are found in metamorphic rocks,migmatites and in the inner/outer contact zones of gneissoid granites. The Rb-Sr isochron drawn for the pegmatites is 26～31 Ma,(i.e.in Himalayan).The homogenization temperatures of melt and liquid inclusions in minerals vary from 185 to 920℃,which are comparable to the inclusions observed in banded migmatites and ptygmatic quartz veins in the surrounding metamorphic rocks. The mineralization fluids of the pegmatite were rich in HCO_3 and CO_2,and their compositional assemblages are comparable to metamorphic fluids.Results of H,O,C,Si etc.isotopic analyses and REE,and Be analyses indicates that the sources of mineralization components that formed the pegmatites are closely associated with metamorphic fluids and the enclosing metamorphic rocks. A pegmatite structure simulation experiment was conducted at high temperature and pressure(840℃and 1,500×105Pa.),with various metamorphic rock samples in a water-rich and volatile-rich environment.When the liquidus was reached,the temperature was gradually decreased at the rate of 5～10℃/day over a time period of three months.SEM energy-dispersive spectrum analyses were performed on the experimental products.A series of pegmatoid textures were observed including zonal texture,megacryst texture,drusy cavities,crystal druses,and vesicular texture along with more than ten types of minerals including plagioclase,microcline,quartz and biotite.Different metamorphic rock melts generated different mineral assemblages.Experiment results revealed that the partial melting of metamorphic rocks could form melts similar to pegmatite magmas. Based upon the geological characteristics,geochemistry,and pegmatite texture simulation experimental results,it is concluded that the mineralization components of Ailaoshan aquamarine-bearing pegmatites came from metamorphic rocks.The petrogenetic model for the origin of pegmatites is related to ultrametamorphism and metamorphic anatexis.     

爆裂法作为快速测定流体包裹体中二氧化碳（和其它气体）含量的手段及其在勘探中的使用：以中国山东和河北省金矿为例

The acoustic decrepitation method heats a small monomineralic sample and counts pressure impulses as the inclusions burst when they develop high internal pressures.For aqueous fluids,the decrepitation temperature is correlated with the homogenisation temperature,but gas rich fluids give a distinct and characteristic low temperature decrepitation peak which can be used to recognize gas rich fluid inclusions.This information is useful in exploration for Au deposits,which are frequently associated with CO_2 rich and sometimes CH_4 rich fluids. This distinctive decrepitation occurs because the CO_2 rich inclusion fluids expand according to the gas law and develop internal pressures high enough to burst the host mineral grain at temperatures well below their homogenisation temperatures.In contrast,aqueous fluids condense to a liquid and vapour phase during post-entrapment cooling.Upon subsequent heating their internal pressures do not increase significantly until after homogenisation to a single phase occurs and hence they do not decrepitate"prematurely"as gas rich inclusions do. This behaviour is usually regarded as an annoyance in conventional microthermometric homogenisation studies,but can readily be used as an exploration aid to find mineralisation deposited from such gas rich fluids.Decrepitation results on samples from Cowra Ck, NSW,Australia,which have also been microthermometrically measured for CO_2 content,show that amounts of less than 5 mole % CO_2 are easily distinguished by decrepitation and amounts as low as 1 mole % CO_2 may be determinable. Examples of the use of acoustic decrepitation in the study of 6 gold mines in the Shandong and Hebei provinces of China are discussed.     

鄂尔多斯北部直罗组中烃类包裹体地球化学特征及来源分析

对鄂尔多斯盆地东胜地区中侏罗统直罗组砂岩中烃类包裹体进行镜下观察、描述，利用压碎抽提法对烃类包裹体进行色谱—质谱分析，并与白垩系油苗、三叠系油砂及源岩抽提物进行对比，目的是探讨其来源。包裹体油生物标志物成熟度参数，C29ααα甾烷20S/(S+R)、C32αβ藿烷22S/(S+R)比值基本达到平衡值，利用甲基菲指数计算的镜质体反射率参数介于0.64%～0.82％之间，显示包裹体中石油烃已接近成熟—成熟热演化阶段；物质来源及沉积环境参数，ααα20R甾烷百分含量C27>C28相似文献   

新疆西天山阿希金矿床流体包裹体地球化学特征

本文在系统总结前人关于矿床地质特征和流体成矿作用研究成果的基础上,补充开展了热液成矿期石英-碳酸盐阶段石英、方解石和重晶石中流体包裹体的均一法和冷冻法测温,并对石英样品进行了气相色谱测量,对石英流体包裹体中的稀土和微量元素进行了测试。结果表明,矿床具有典型的浅成低温热液金矿的特点,成矿流体总体上盐度很低,多数都集中于0.53～1.57wt%NaCl。成矿流体的主要成分为H_2O、CO_2和CH_4。流体包裹体微量元素与容矿围岩具有继承性,流体中Cu、Ni、Co、Mo、Zn、Pb、V、Sb和Li等的含量较高,可能说明了Cu、Zn、Co、Ni、Bi和Ba等元素在水岩反应过程中更容易进入流体当中。石英流体包裹体中∑REE为13825×10~(-12)～149935×10~(-12),LREE/HREE为2.63～50.83,δEu为0.70～0.91,表现为Eu的弱亏损。成矿流体的REE配分型式与火山岩具有相同的Eu亏损和右倾配分曲线,表明成矿流体在演化过程中可能继承了早期火山岩的REE特征;但成矿流体的LREE/HREE值比火山岩大,前者的REE配分曲线比后者更加右陡倾斜,这可能与后期变质水和大气降水的混入引起的成矿流体物质组分发生有关。     

四川甘洛赤普铅锌矿床流体包裹体特征及成矿机制初步探讨

赤普铅锌矿床位于扬子地台西南缘川滇黔成矿区内,是川滇黔地区重要的铅锌矿床之一.通过野外和显微镜下观察,将成矿期形成的石英划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ三个阶段.本次选取了21件样品进行研究,对保存于石英、闪锌矿及硅化白云石中的原生包裹体进行的详细研究,赤普铅锌矿床中包裹体类型相对较为单一,以气液包裹体为主.Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ阶段石英中流体包裹体均一温度和盐度范围分别为:230℃～270℃和2.74～19.68wt%(NaCl),150℃～200℃和3.71～16.99wt%(NaCI)和180℃～220℃和0.70～16.15wt%(NaCl)三个区间.主成矿阶段的闪锌矿流体包裹体的均一温度和盐度范围为127℃～210℃和4.34%～22.17%(NaCl).该矿床成矿流体均一温度和盐度范围主要在130℃～200℃和8.5%～17.0%(NaCl)之间,属于低温、中等盐度铅锌矿床.成矿流体为H2O-NaCl-CaCl2体系;成矿过程中成矿流体始终处于相对还原环境.成矿物质来源于上地壳,成矿流体主要来自围岩地层;成矿机制可能为含金属和舍还原硫流体混合成矿.该矿床应归属于密西西比型铅锌矿床.     

Variations in Melt Productivity and Melting Conditions along SWIR (70{degrees}E-49{degrees}E): Evidence from Olivine-hosted and Plagioclase-hosted Melt Inclusions

Melt inclusion and host glass compositions from the easternend of the Southwest Indian Ridge show a progressive depletionin light rare earth elements (LREE), Na₈ and (La/Sm)_n, but anincrease in Fe₈, from the NE (64°E) towards the SW (49°E).These changes indicate an increase in the degree of mantle meltingtowards the SW and correlate with a shallowing of the ridgeaxial depth and increase in crustal thickness. In addition,LREE enrichment in both melt inclusions and host glasses fromthe NE end of the ridge are compatible with re-fertilizationof a depleted mantle source. The large compositional variations(e.g. P₂O₅ and K₂O) of the melt inclusions from the NE end ofthe ridge (64°E), coupled with low Fe₈ values, suggest thatmelts from the NE correspond to a variety of different batchesof melts generated at shallow levels in the mantle melting column.In contrast, the progressively more depleted compositions andhigher Fe₈ values of the olivine- and plagioclase-hosted meltinclusions at the SW end of the studied region (49°E), suggestthat these melt inclusions represent batches of melt generatedby higher degrees of melting at greater mean depths in the mantlemelting column. Systematic differences in Fe₈ values betweenthe plagioclase- and the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in theSW end (49°E) of the studied ridge area, suggest that theplagioclase-hosted melt inclusions represent final batches ofmelt generated at the top of the mantle melting column, whereasthe olivine-hosted melt inclusions correspond to melts generatedfrom less depleted, more fertile mantle at greater depths. KEY WORDS: basalt; melt inclusions; olivine; plagioclase; Southwest Indian Ridge     

Geology and Metallogenesis of the Sawayaerdun Gold Deposit in the Southwestern Tianshan Mountains, Xinjiang, China

The Sawayaerdun gold deposit, located in Wuqia County, Southwest Tianshan, China, occurs in Upper Silurian and Lower Devonian low‐grade metamorphic carbonaceous turbidites. The orebodies are controlled by a series of NE‐NNE‐trending, brittle–ductile shear zones. Twenty‐four gold mineralized zones have been recognized in the Sawayaerdun ore deposit. Among these, the up to 4‐km‐long and 200‐m wide No. IV mineralized zone is economically the most important. The average gold grade is 1–6 g/t. Gold reserves of the Sawayaerdun deposit have been identified at approximately 37 tonnes and an inferred resource of 123 tonnes. Hydrothermal alteration is characterized by silicification, pyritization, arsenopyritization, sericitization, carbonatization and chloritization. On the basis of field evidence and petrographic analysis, five stages of vein emplacement and hydrothermal mineralization can be distinguished: stage 1, early quartz stage, characterized by the occurrence of quartz veins; stage 2, arsenopyrite–pyrite–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of auriferous quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 3, polymetallic sulfide quartz stage, characterized by the presence of auriferous polymetallic sulfide quartz veinlets and stockworks; stage 4, antimony–quartz stage, characterized by the formation of stibnite–jamesonite quartz veins; and stage 5, quartz–carbonate vein stage. Stages 2 and 3 represent the main gold mineralization, with stage 4 representing a major antimony mineralization episode in the Sawayaerdun deposit. Two types of fluid inclusion, namely H₂O–NaCl and H₂O–CO₂–NaCl types, have been recognized in quartz and calcite. Aqueous inclusions show a wide range of homogenization temperatures from 125 to 340°C, and can be correlated with the mineralization stage during which the inclusions formed. Similarly, salinities and densities of these fluids range for each stage of mineralization from 2.57 to 22 equivalent wt% NaCl and 0.76 to 1.05 g/cm³, respectively. The ore‐forming fluids thus are representative of a medium‐ to low‐temperature, low‐ to medium‐salinity H₂O–NaCl–CO₂–CH₄–N₂ system. The δ³⁴S_CDT values of sulfides associated with mineralization fall into a narrow range of ?3.0 to +2.6‰ with a mean of +0.1‰. The δ¹³C_PDB values of dolomite and siderite from the Sawayaerdun gold deposit range from ?5.4 to ?0.6‰, possibly reflecting derivation of the carbonate carbon from a mixed magmatic/sedimentary source. Changes in physico‐chemical conditions and composition of the hydrothermal fluids, water–rock exchange and immiscibility of hydrothermal fluids are inferred to have played important roles in the ore‐forming process of the Sawayaerdun gold–antimony deposit.     

Computational fluid dynamics modeling of abutment scour under steady current using the level set method

The scour and deposition pattern around an abutment under constant discharge condition is calculated using a three dimensional (3D) Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model. The Reynolds-Averaged Navier Stokes (RANS) equations are solved in three dimensions using a CFD model. The Level Set Method (LSM) is used for calculation of both free surface and bed topography. The two-equation turbulence model (k-ε and k-ω) is used to calculate the eddy viscosity in the RANS equations. The pressure term in the RANS equations on a staggered grid is modeled using the Chorin's projection method. The 5th order Weighted Essentially Non-Oscillatory (WENO) scheme discretizes the convective term of the RANS equations. The Kovacs and Parker and Dey formulations are used for the reduction in bed shear stress on the sloping bed. The model also used the sandslide algorithm which limits bed shear stress reduction during the erosion process. The numerical model solution is validated against experimental results collected at the Politecnico di Milano, Milan, Italy. Further, the numerical model is tested for performance by varying the grid sizes and key parameters like the space and time discretization schemes. The effect of varying bed porosity has been evaluated. Overall, the free surface is well represented in a realistic manner and bed topography is well predicted using the Level Set Method (LSM).