Fill to spill stratigraphic evolution of a confined turbidite mini-basin succession,and its likely well bore expression: The Castagnola Fm,NW Italy

This study documents the stratigraphic evolution of the Castagnola ponded turbidite mini-basin through analysis of a detailed base-to-top section measured in the central part of the basin. Vertical variations in facies characteristics, thickness ratio of mud cap vs. sandstone of event beds and net/gross are argued to be good proxies for pinpointing the stratigraphic transition from dominantly ponded deposition, where most of the flow is trapped by the confining topography, to a flow-stripping – dominated phase in which an increasingly large part of incoming flows can escape the basin by spilling over the enclosing topography. Thickness statistics of sandstones and mud caps of event beds from the case study show that in the initial stage of turbidite deposition only part of the mud of exceptionally large volume flows escaped the confining topography; as the basin was progressively infilled, nearly all inbound flows were affected by flow stripping, with part of the sand and most of the mud escaping the basin. In the latest recorded stage of deposition the abundance of by-pass features coupled with significant modification of the sandstone bed thickness population suggests that the turbidite system was no longer obstructed frontally, and could step forward onto a healed topography. In order to assess whether the documented trends of turbidite bed characteristics indicative of the ‘fill to spill’ transition could be recognised from wireline log data alone, synthetic logs were prepared by up-scaling the field data to resolutions typical of borehole geophysical log data. Vertical trends of average bed thickness and net/gross recognisable in the synthetic data suggest that the transition from ponded to spill-dominated situations should be resolvable in geophysical log data.     

Standard flow cells to incorporate small-scale heterogeneity (crossbedding) in a reservoir model

Small-scale heterogeneities like crossbedding hamper fluid flow and cause oil to be capillary trapped at the intersections of coarser to finer lamina. These effects are fairly well established, but less well established is the method to construct an adequate flow cell model containing critical hydraulic properties like bed-shape and -size, lamina-shape, -angle and boundaries. Nor is it trivial how to obtain those features from well and core. We therefore propose to systematically describe geometry and distribution of beds. To this end we make use of standard flow cell models that a priori contain all elements and boundaries of beds for a number of bedding types.     

Experimental study of forces on a cylinder in oscillatory flow with a cross current

Forces on a circular cylinder have been measured with nominally two-dimensional current and oscillatory flow at right angles. Previous results for purely oscillatory flow defined by a Keulegan-Carpenter number, Kc, have been extended for reduced velocities, Vr, in the range 3–10. For Kc<7 modification of the Karman street by oscillation is complex and locking-on has a dominant influence. For Kc > 7 simply adding forces due to the current and oscillation as though in isolation generally gives conservative results. The ‘current’ drag shows considerable variation and can even be negative. The Morison fit to the in-line force is generally less satisfactory when there is a current and can be wholly inadequate.     

Effects of long-term sample preservation on flow cytometric analysis of natural populations of pico-and nanophytoplankton

The effects of long-term preservation on flow cytometric parameters of natural oceanic populations of pico-and nanophytoplankton have been examined. Populations collected at oligotrophic subtropical and subarctic locations in the North Pacific were fixed with glutaraldehyde and frozen in liquid nitrogen, according to Vaulot et al. (1989). During six months’ storage, chlorophyll red fluorescence declined in all the groups examined, while forward light scatter was enhanced in Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus, and weakened in nanoeucaryotes. Cell loss was not significant except for Synechococcus. Caution is required when analyzing flow cytometric data of samples stored for more than a month.     

乐清湾泥蚶血细胞周期和DNA含量

用流式细胞仪测定乐清湾泥蚶血细胞DNA含量，得出组方图中只有一个峰（G0/G1），表明了乐清湾泥蚶血液不存在合成期（S）、合成后期（G2）和分裂期（M）细胞，血细胞已失去分裂功能，不存在周期现象，以小鸡血细胞做标准对照物（DNA含量以2.3pg/N)，测得乐清湾泥蚶血细胞DNA含量为3.08pg/N。     

Effects of fixation and storage on flow cytometric analysis of marine bacteria

Flow cytometry (FCM) is now becoming a routine tool for the enumeration and optical characterization of bacteria in marine environments. We investigated the effects of sample fixation and storage upon flow cytometric determination of marine bacteria. Fixed and unfixed seawater samples were analyzed by FCM immediately aboard ship and/or later in the laboratory, and the appearances of the fluorescence signals and bacterial counts of these samples were compared. Fixation and storage led to the formation of multiple peaks in fluorescence histograms; this was also seen in 22 out of 36 samples frozen in liquid nitrogen. Fixation did not, but storage did induce a decrease of bacterial counts: a rapid decrease during the first 3 days followed by a slower decline. The decline of cell numbers in stored samples was expressed by a regression model. Our studies indicate that precaution is necessary when interpreting the data from fixed and/or stored marine bacterial samples analyzed by FCM. The possibility that the procedure of fixation and storage leads to the appearance of high DNA and low DNA bacterial groups should be considered.     

Characterisation of deformation and flow mechanics around porphyroclasts in a calcite marble ultramylonite by means of EBSD analysis

This paper studies the flow heterogeneity around porphyroclasts associated with greenschist facies deformation of a calcite marble shear zone. Microstructural data from electron backscatter diffraction analyses (EBSD) are used to constrain the flow mechanics of this dominantly non-coaxial type of deformation. The microstructure of the undisturbed ultramylonite (grain-size range 5–100 μm, mean 40 μm) is interpreted to represent steady-state (time-independent) flow conditions with flow planes parallel to the shear zone boundary. Single calcite porphyroclasts (grain-size 1–3 mm) caused flow perturbation in the fine-grained marble ultramylonite. It is the shape, in particular, of these rigid porphyroclasts that controls their rotational behaviour during deformation and, therefore, the development of specific flow fabrics. The flow planes around elongated-rhomboidal, stable porphyroclasts change the orientation to become roughly parallel to the porphyroclast margin, whereas the geometry of flow planes around nearly equant, rotating porphyroclasts describes a δ-type flow pattern. We infer that to some extent decoupling at the clast–matrix interface has occurred to guarantee a stable orientation of elongated porphyroclasts, but was not sufficient to reduce the rotation rate of equant clasts to zero. According to the flow deflection, the general crystallographic preferred orientation (CPO) with its single c-axis maximum perpendicular to the flow plane is rotated about an axis which is (sub)parallel to the kinematic rotation axis of the shear zone. Ultramylonite microstructures, CPOs and misorientation data are best explained by the dual operation of grain-size-insensitive (dislocation creep with recovery and recrystallization) and grain-size-sensitive (diffusion creep) mechanisms. The limited grain-size reduction around porphyroclasts suggests that the grain-size-insensitive mechanisms controlled rheology.     

条件不稳定湿大气中三维理想地形上空对流的动力学特征

条件不稳定湿大气情况下,气流经过三维地形可以形成不同性质的对流系统以及不同特征的地形流结构,其对流系统、地形流的性质主要取决于地形上空的对流触发、对流-地形流-重力波三者之间的相互作用,同样这些过程对于地形降水的性质、分布起重要的作用.根据不同湿Fr数(Froude number),湿条件不稳定大气经过三维小尺度山地上空时其对流和地形流动存在4种不同的流域(flow regirnes):(1)下游传播对流模态;(2)上游传播和下游传播共存对流模态;(3)山峰附近准静止和下游传播共存对流模态;(4)下坡稳定和下游传播对流共存模态.地形上空对流系统主要可以通过两种不同机制形成:(1)地形直接的抬升或减速作用;(2)在地形流形成后,由于地形流本身特性(如上游分离、背风涡旋和下坡重力波破碎)触发.在较大的Fr数情况下,地形上空对流生成后反过来可以破坏上、下游的地形流结构,但对背风坡的重力波破碎影响较小.不同初始对流有效位能(CAPE)不仅可以影响对流系统的传播、发展,而且可以影响整体地形流性质.较低的初始CAPE有利于地形流的形成,此时对流对地形流结构特征的影响相对较小,其流场性质与低Fr数流域性质相似.     

Numerical Simulations of Sheltering in Valleys: The Formation of Nighttime Cold-Air Pools

Numerical simulations of flow over two-dimensional valleys are conducted in order to study the occurrence of pools of cold air that form at the bottom of valleys during stable nighttime conditions. The results show that during strong surface radiative cooling and light-wind events, the near-surface potential temperatures that occur at the bottom of valleys can be several kelvin below the environmental mean. This is true for quite shallow valleys with depths and widths of 50 m and 1 km, respectively, and is a result of in situ sheltering at the valley bottom. For windier conditions or less rapid cooling, the cold-pool temperature contrasts are reduced. For shallow valleys the magnitude of the difference between the potential temperature at the bottom of the valley and the mean value increases with increasing valley depth. However there is a critical valley depth, beyond which the valley flow becomes decoupled from that aloft and there are no further increases in the potential temperature difference. This critical valley depth depends on the wind speed and radiative cooling rate and the results indicate it is a function of a non-dimensional valley depth (or inverse Froude number), which is itself a property of the undisturbed profiles of wind and stability.