基于熵权TOPSIS法的沿海地区渔业产业融合发展效果评价研究

2019年全国渔业渔政工作重点之一就是“大力推进一二三产业融合发展”。渔业一二三产业融合是实现渔业高质量发展和传统产业升级的重要举措。渔业产业融合发展,就是以渔业为基本依托,有效整合渔业生产、水产品加工、流通与贸易、休闲渔业及其他生产性服务业,以产业链延伸、产业范围拓展和产业功能转型为表征,促进渔业、渔村发展,渔民增收。近年来,我国渔业三产融合发展取得了一些成就,如何来评价渔业三产融合发展带来的效益,值得关注。已有的研究主要从渔业的经济效益或者海洋生态环境可持续发展角度研究,很少有从多个维度对海洋渔业产业融合发展带来的效果进行综合评价,所以文章从渔业生产效率、渔业经济效益、渔业产业链延伸以及绿色可持续发展4个维度设计了渔业一二三产业融合发展效果评价指标体系,并对沿海10个地区的融合发展效果进行评价研究。研究结论：(1)基于空间视角,山东、广东的渔业三产融合发展水平较高,浙江、江苏、福建紧随其后。(2)基于产业结构视角,各地区在渔业融合发展过程中存在不同程度的发展不均衡问题,在评价体系中,渔业绿色可持续发展水平较其他指标呈现较低情况。(3)基于时间序列视角,渔业产业融合发展整体水平呈现上...     

Fisheries development in northeastern Asia in conjunction with changes in climate and social systems

The status and prospects of fisheries in northeastern Asia are reviewed in conjunction with climate change and social issues. This region has the biggest yield, consumption, and international trade of fisheries products in the world. Due to increasing industrialization and greenhouse gas emissions, higher rates of warming have occurred. The impacts of climate change on fisheries could be detrimental because the main fishery products are small pelagic fish whose biomass fluctuations are sensitive to climate changes. Improvements in the economies of the nations in this region offset the demand for fish products in human diets, and employment in fisheries. It is recommended that fisheries management plans consider both changes in climate and in social systems. Stocks which migrate between national jurisdictions are in need of particular attention.     

The Magnuson-Stevens act (1976) and its reauthorizations: Failure or success for the implementation of fishery sustainability and management in the US?

The Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (1976), opened a new era of federal fishery management in the United States. It was enacted primarily to establish a system for conserving and managing fisheries in the new 200-mile (EEZ). The US assumed exclusive authority for managing all fisheries within the EEZ, except for highly migratory species such as tunas and billfishes. Within the framework of the Act, eight Regional Fishery Management Councils (Regional Councils) were created, which are responsible for preparing Fisheries Management Plans (FMPs) in federal waters under their jurisdiction. Each FMP must meet a series of National Standards (NSs) for conservation and management. The Act was reauthorized in 1996 with the passage of the Sustainable Fisheries Act (SFA), which aimed at fine tuning the fishery regulatory apparatus that was established under the original Act. This "fine tuning" involved increased attention to biological concerns, and removal of ambiguities within it. The Act was reauthorized again in 2007, mainly to provide for more clear directives and regulations to end overfishing. After more than thirty years since the Act was passed into law, the debate among conservationists, commercial and recreational fishery representatives, and politicians on the effectiveness of the Act in achieving its purported goals it still continues. Is the Act delivering on its promises? Do NSs reflect the most important priorities for the US fishery resources, conservation and sustainable exploitation? Do the Regional Councils represent all parties that should be involved in the fisheries resources management? The aim of this paper is to provide a critical analysis to answer these questions. This paper begins with a review of the Act and its background, followed by discussion and analysis of the Act's benefits and flaws. Finally, suggestions for the implementation of its structure and future directions in fishery management strategies are made.     

Korea's fisheries industry and government financial transfers

The Korean fisheries industry has long played a role as a national food industry with agriculture. Fisheries products supply about 39.2% of animal proteins that Korean people need. The industry, however, is facing great challenges including international arguments for reduction or abolition of fishery subsidies. Therefore, it is urgent for us to review the characteristics of fishery subsidies according to WTO, OECD, FAO and UNEP. This paper examines the status of Korean fishery industry, and to tackle the problems of the currently supported fishery policy funds, whose total amount in 1999 was more than 1 trillion Korean won with 77 fishery projects.     

Does threat of mutually assured destruction produce quasi-cooperation in the mackerel fishery?

This paper uses a quarterly, game-theoretic model of the Northeast Atlantic mackerel to study the fishing strategies of five players: the EU, Norway, the Faeroe Islands, Iceland, and the international fishery on the high seas. Data on the spatial distribution of fish catches (1977–2011) are used to model changes in the distribution of the mackerel stock. The Nash equilibrium solutions predict a severe decimation of the stock through overfishing, either by parties (Iceland, the Faeroe Islands) that refuse to cooperate or by a general absence of cooperation. There is a wide discrepancy between this prediction and reality, as the stock seems, at most, only moderately overexploited, despite non-cooperation by Iceland and the Faeroe Islands. It is conjectured that these parties, and others, may engage in a degree of quasi-cooperation that falls somewhat short of full cooperation but avoids the extreme destruction of the Nash equilibrium. This tacit cooperation can be seen as being maintained by a mutually assured destruction of the fisheries of all parties in case they go to the logical extremes of non-cooperation.     

Resolving the discard problem—A case study of the English Nephrops fishery

The phenomenon of discarding was studied using a multidisciplinary approach to allow the integration of biological, social and economic data. The research aimed to evaluate the strength of the case to reduce discarding in a single case study fishery, the English Nephrops fishery; to identify specific objectives for discard reduction; to identify factors that inhibit discard reduction and to determine the best means of achieving those objectives. Changes in trawl structure offered the best solution while having the least impact on fishing opportunities. However, the inadequate level of incentive was identified as the main impediment to discard reduction rather than the lack of technical ability. To implement effective measures to reduce discarding in this fishery, an increased level of incentive is required. Three measures are identified as a means to achieve this.     

我国渔业资源管理政策研究

随着渔业资源的衰退,为保护渔业资源,我国制定出台了多项渔业资源管理政策,但实际应用中出现了诸多问题,导致政策未完全实现预期效果。为提高我国渔业资源管理政策成效,促进我国渔业经济高质量发展,文章利用案例分析法、定性分析与定量分析结合的方法,从投入控制、技术控制和产出控制角度,梳理我国三类渔业资源管理政策,系统分析我国各类渔业资源管理政策演进与应用及应用过程中存在的问题,有针对性地提出我国渔业资源管理政策优化方案。研究发现,我国渔业资源管理政策存在政府监管成本过高、政策执行不到位、渔业从业人员保护渔业资源的责任不清晰、渔业从业人员转业困难以及立法不完善的问题。未来可从发展渔业合作组织、增强渔业从业人员渔业资源保护意识、明确渔业从业人员保护渔业资源的具体责任、组织渔业从业人员职业培训和完善渔业资源管理政策立法方面着手,改进渔业资源管理政策。     

Commercial fishing, conservation and compatibility in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands

A critical issue in marine ecosystem-based management is addressing the compatibility of extractive use with ecosystem protection. Analysis of the protected area planning process for the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands suggests the key elements of an ecosystem-based approach to protected area management include establishing a common understanding among decision makers of ecosystem boundaries and ecosystem condition, informed by the best available science. A participatory process is proposed that relies on an informed assessment of whether extractive use compromises ecological integrity and is consistent with conservation objectives. Best practices for compatibility determinations are proposed for multi-agency protected area management and planning.     

渔业法之"情节严重"认定标准

为了维护渔业生产秩序的和谐稳定,实现渔业资源的可持续发展,我国渔业法对诸多不当行为予以规制。但由于渔业法对“情节严重”的表述具有一定的模糊性,未能明显阐明立法者本意,不少渔业行政执法人员对此感到难以认定和把握,为了稳妥起见只追究较轻的责任,如此不利于法律的实施。因此,明确情节严重的认定标准具有重要的理论和实践意义。针对认定标准不明确、行政裁量空间过大、部分执法人员处罚结果不够合理的问题,在考虑我国当前国情的基础上,建议在立法上出台相关的司法解释,行政机关制定完善的行政裁量基准,并辅以司法机关审查作为补充,多元规范“情节严重”的理解与认定。