地震应急基础数据库更新机制研究

基于地震应急基础数据库内在关联规则,采用SQL语句和ARCGIS软件相结合的方法,进行地震应急基础数据库的更新。该方法具有快速、简便、易操作等特点,解决了目前地震应急基础数据库更新中的关键技术问题,为地震应急指挥技术系统的正常运作提供了保证。     

基于ESDA的城市社会空间研究——以上海市中心城区为例

以上海市中心城区为实证,在因子分析的基础上将ESDA方法应用于城市社会空间研究。运用全局Moran’s I指数、Moran散点图、LISA等指标和方法,从全局和局部两个层面研究了城市社会空间主因子的空间关联特征。结果表明,各主因子都存在显著的空间正相关,呈现趋同集聚,其中社会经济地位因子和居住条件因子的相关性明显强于其他因子,相近社会经济地位和居住条件的社会群体在空间上的集聚对形成城市社会空间的作用更为显著;各主因子都存在不同于全局的局部空间关联模式,存在显著的"热点"和"冷点"地区,其中社会经济地位因子和居住条件因子呈现出更为明显的"热点"和"冷点",具有显著的"同质集聚、异质隔离"特征。相关研究结论对于理解城市社会空间的形成具有重要意义,也可为进一步深入研究的典型案例选择及相关政策制定提供参考。     

南黄海粘土矿物的分布特征

南黄海表层粘土组分中,按其主要粘土矿物的含量分布特征,可分为五个组合区: Ⅰ区为伊利石—绿泥石—蒙脱石—高岭石;Ⅱ区为伊利石—绿泥石—高岭石—蒙脱石;Ⅲ区为伊利石—蒙脱石—绿泥石—高岭石;Ⅳ区为伊利石—高岭石—绿泥石—蒙脱石;V区为伊利石—绿泥石—高岭石—蒙脱石。 其分布范围与沉积环境大体一致。     

川南下志留统龙马溪组页岩岩相表征

页岩岩相表征是页岩气地质评价和选层、选区的基础性研究工作。本文以露头和钻井资料为基础,依据岩矿、薄片、地化和测井资料,建立了海相页岩岩相划分方法,对川南上奥陶统五峰组下志留统龙马溪组主要岩相进行了精细表征,并形成4点认识：(1)应用岩石矿物三端员法+沉积微相划分页岩岩相类型及其组合,是开展海相页岩岩相表征的有效方法;(2)川南五峰组龙马溪组页岩发育6种岩相类型和3种典型岩相组合,其中硅质页岩和钙质硅质混合页岩是(半)深水环境的特有岩相,黏土质页岩和黏土质钙质混合页岩是半深水浅水环境的主要岩相,黏土质硅质混合页岩是浅水深水环境下的共有岩相;(3)随着水体由深变浅和水动力条件逐渐增强以及陆源物质输入量增大,不同成因岩相组合的页岩矿物成分、基质组构、古生物和有机质富集程度、测井响应等基本特征均发生重大变化;(4)受海平面变化控制,主力产层为深水陆棚沉积的硅质页岩、钙质硅质混合页岩和黏土质硅质混合页岩组合,产层顶板为半深水浅水陆棚沉积的黏土质页岩、黏土质硅质混合页岩和黏土质钙质混合页岩组合;前者因富含硅质和有机质,具有良好的脆性和物性,是形成页岩气产层的优质岩相;后者因富含黏土和贫有机质,脆性和渗透性差,是形成页岩气藏区域封盖层的优质岩相;两者自下而上构成良好的自封自储型储盖组合。     

西藏荣玛地区尼俄玛山下二叠统曲地组沉积特征

西藏荣玛地区尼俄玛山下二叠统曲地组发育一套重力流沉积组合,根据其岩性、沉积构造和含化石特征等,在该套沉积体系识别出了9种岩石类型、5种岩石组合类型,并分别将其划归内扇主水道-水道间、中扇分支水道-天然堤-水道间、外扇朵叶体-末端水道及深水玄武岩和泥岩4种微相组合类型,以及海底扇和深海盆地2种沉积相类型,证明研究区曲地组属于半深海-深海沉积环境。这一结论与前人认为曲地组属于滨浅海相的认识完全不同,说明南羌塘盆地下二叠统曲地组在区域上存在明显的相变,即西部日土一带的滨浅海沉积向东到改则-尼玛一带逐渐变为半深海-深海沉积;证明南羌塘盆地早二叠世古特提斯洋进入演化成熟期,但羌塘地块从冈瓦纳北缘的裂解、脱离时间在东西向并不一致,东部早于西部;曲地组大套深水黑色泥页岩及砂岩为代表的重力流沉积的广泛发育,说明其具有重要的油气地质意义。     

A discussion of management disputes arising from the multiple utilization of flying fish resources in Taiwan and suggested countermeasures

Flying fish play a vital role in maintaining the balance of marine ecosystems. In Taiwan, flying fish resources are mainly utilized in three ways. The Tao aboriginal people regard them as an important, and spiritual, source of food and utilize the resource sparingly and cautiously. Conversely, in northern Taiwan, fisheries harvest flying fish roe, which may in the future lead to ecosystem damage. Thirdly, large quantities are caught for promoting seafood to tourists at various events. The latter two utilizations may cause overfishing and scarcity.In 2007, the Taiwanese government began to adjust fisheries management policies for monitoring the utilization of flying fish resources. The current policies protect aboriginal marine culture and employ ‘total allowable catch’ (TAC) as a transitional mechanism in flying fish caviar harvesting. In the future, the government should employ collaborative measures at a regional level, including quota allocation based on scientific evidence, in order to maintain ecosystem balance and ensure the sustainability of fish resources. Activities to promote seafood, and the catching of adult fish on a large scale, must be stringently managed according to the amount of resources available. Finally, the most appropriate and least risky approach, is to designate flying fish spawning grounds as marine protected areas.     

Actions taken by fishing Nations towards identification and protection of vulnerable marine ecosystems in the high seas: The Spanish case (Atlantic Ocean)

In reply to the United Nations General Assembly Resolutions on sustainable fisheries, Spain, either by itself or in collaboration with other Nations, has been carrying out studies on vulnerable marine ecosystems (VMEs) in the high seas of the Atlantic Ocean (areas beyond national jurisdictions) since 2005. Such studies provide advice to the Spanish Government, the Regional Fisheries Management Organizations and the European Union. This paper presents the multidisciplinary methodology used and summarises the following management results: (i) contribution to identification of cold-water corals and provision of evidence to close part (∼16,000 km²) of the Hatton Bank (NE Atlantic) to bottom fishing; (ii) compilation of an international data base to identify VMEs on the slopes of the Grand Banks of Newfoundland, Flemish Pass, and Flemish Cap (NW Atlantic) and to redefine areas currently closed to fishing; (iii) improvement of knowledge about deepwater ecosystems on Walvis Ridge and adjacent seamounts (SE Atlantic) as a pilot project for implementation in this region; and (iv) identification of VMEs and closure of an area (∼41,300 km²) on the high seas of the SW Atlantic. Also discussed are progress and challenges related to identifying and protecting VMEs.     

Global fisheries losses at the exclusive economic zone level, 1950 to present

Up to one-third of commercial fishery stocks may be overfished at present. By analyzing catch trends and applying an empirical relationship derived from stock assessments, this article tracks the geographic spread of overfishing at the country level in terms of lost catch and lost revenue, from the start of industrialized fishing in 1950-2004. The results tell a cautionary tale of serial depletion to meet the ever-rising demand for fish. Examining country losses with respect to fishery management reveals that overcapacity and excess fishing effort are widespread, but also that recent trends towards sustainability can stabilize or reverse losses (e.g. for Norway, Iceland, the US, Canada, Australia, and New Zealand). Global trade effectively masks the successive depletion of stocks, so that without decisive action to reduce fishing effort, many more stocks will suffer and undernourishment impacts for the major exporting, food-deficit nations will only magnify.     

Investigating interest group representation on the Pacific Fisheries Management Council

A pervasive argument has emerged in debates over US ocean fishery policy that the policy-making process has generally been captured by commercial industry interests and consequently permits fishing quotas beyond sustainable harvesting levels. While it is clear that commercial interests are over-represented relative to recreational interests on the regional councils that set fishery policy, it is not clear whether commercial interests necessarily enact unsustainable policies. This paper examines the vote choices of representatives on the Pacific Fisheries Management Council by creating a spatial map of ideal point locations of voting members during the years 2006-2009 and then identifying voting coalitions. If a dominance by commercial interests leads to unsustainable policies, then it must be the case that members of this interest group vote as a cohesive and distinct bloc. In the end, however, it is shown that a geographic explanation for vote choices outperforms an interest group explanation.     

Conflicts at sea between artisanal and industrial fishers: Inter-sectoral interactions and dispute resolution in Senegal

Conflicts between artisanal and industrial fishermen—targeting increasingly scarce resources in Senegal—are posing a serious threat to human security and are only symbolically addressed by the country's fisheries governance regime. Severely outmatched in terms of political influence and size, artisanal fishermen are more vulnerable to the fallout of conflicts at sea. The loss of fishing materials threatens the livelihoods of fishermen and their families; collisions and violence between members of the two sectors often result in injury and death. This study examines at-sea interactions between Senegal's artisanal and industrial sectors and the formal and informal mechanisms in place for managing them. Conflictive interactions are found to co-exist alongside cooperative ones and both emerge in response to changes in marine resource abundance and management. Formal systems in place to mediate at-sea conflicts are ineffective and seldom used by artisanal fishermen, who either accept their losses, attempt to informally resolve conflicts with industrial actors or resort to violence.