Zonation in primary halos and geochemical prospecting pattern for the Guilaizhuang gold deposit, eastern China

The Guilaizhuang gold deposit, with an average grade of 8.10 g/t Au and reserves of over 30 mt, is a subvolcanic epithermal deposit. The deposit is hosted in Paleozoic carbonate rocks in the western Shandong metallogenic terrane of the littorine Pacific metallogenic domain, eastern China, and is associated spatially with an early Mesozoic subvolcanic alkalic intrusive complex (188–190 Ma). The orebody was discovered at the end of the 1980s based on anomalies of Au in stream sediment samples at a map scale of 1∶200,000. The ore is rich in Au, Ag, Te, V, F, As, Sb, Tl, W, and Mo but poor in Cu, Pb, and Zn. The ore is similar in its trace elements to Carlin-type Au deposits. The transverse element association zonation of the deposit is as follows: (on the hanging wall) F⟸ W−Mo−As−Tl⟸Se−Sb−Bi⟸Au−Ag−Te (orebody) ⟹ Se−Sb−Bi (on the foot wall). The axial zonation is as follows: Au⟹Ag⟹Sb⟹V⟹Zn ⟹W⟹F⟹Mo⟹Tl⟹As. Indexes such as (Au+Sb) _d / (As+Tl) _d and (Au+ Ag) _d /(As+Tl) _d decrease with depth but dramatically increase at the level where the orebody pinches out, which indicates another orebody might exist at depth. Multivariate statistical analysis suggests that the ore (halo)-forming process can be divided into two stages: alteration and mineralization. The former includes: potash feldsparization, albitization, silicification, and fluoritization. The latter includes the following substages: arsenopyritization and scheelitization; pyritization, chalcopyritization, and sphaleritization; and native gold, electrum, and calaveritization. The last substage is considered to be the main ore-forming stage in the formation of the deposit.     

How does the World Bank shape global environmental governance agendas for coasts? 50 years of small-scale fisheries aid reveals paradigm shifts over time

Small-scale fisheries are becoming a global social and environmental concern. The contribution of marine small-scale fisheries to global food security and coastal livelihoods, coupled with the significant challenges they face, has attracted increasing attention and aid from environmental organizations, philanthropies, and multilateral agencies over recent decades. Our study attends to the understudied role of the World Bank, the largest individual funder shaping present and future sustainability of coastal marine regions, as a key actor shaping global environmental governance paradigms. We asked how funding to the sector has changed over the last 50 years and why, outlining distinct patterns in the flow of small-scale fisheries aid and the underlying intervention models. We contextualize our quantitative analysis of aid patterns over time with qualitative interview data with bank staff, identifying underlying paradigm shifts driven by internal and external factors. More than $2.48 billion was allocated by the World Bank to marine fisheries over the last 50 years, approximately 47% (~$1.17 billion) of which was targeted to marine small-scale fisheries. Three distinct funding periods are identified: rising support to SSF from the 1970s to mid-1980s; a sharp decline in funding in the mid-to-late 1980s and low levels of funding throughout the 1990s; and a steady return to funding SSF in the mid-2000s up to the present. Over time, Bank-funded interventions shifted from pure economic development in the earlier era, to an emphasis on governance and multi-dimensional environmental goals in the recent period. To understand why, we used key-informant interviews to unpack major internal drivers: internal staff changes and presence of key individuals, the decentralization and recentralization of decision-making, and the organization’s shifting emphasis from traditional economic growth to multi-dimensional objectives of poverty reduction, among others. External drivers behind funding and paradigm shifts included pressure from the environmental movement, the rise of sustainable development discourses, key global environmental summits in the 1990s, and rising levels of interest in the fisheries sector by the governments of both donor and recipient countries. Processes of ‘paradigm shifts’ were not swift or singular, rather they were affected by multiple, convergent factors over time. Our findings contribute to the literature on multi-lateral institutions as key actors in environmental governance shaping global development thinking, illustrating the arc of the last half-century of fisheries aid at the Bank while highlighting present dilemmas and future challenges that actors interested in working towards sustainable marine small-scale fisheries face.     

Methods matter: Improved practices for environmental evaluation of dietary patterns

Making food systems more sustainable is one of humanity’s largest challenges. Over two decades of life cycle assessment research on the environmental performance of food systems has helped to inform efforts to address this challenge. In recent years, there has been much interest in aggregating the results of these studies at scales of national production, dietary patterns, and future food scenarios. The process of comparing impacts of diverse products based on extant literature presents numerous challenges which have been inadequately addressed. Drawing upon examples of greenhouse gas emissions and seafood systems, we suggest best practices to support more complete, consistent, and comparable aggregation practices. Ultimately this would lead to more robust industry and consumer decisions and public policy. We suggest to: 1) define product groups reflecting impact drivers and in accordance with study goals, 2) select studies in a transparent way whose methods are consistent, and 3) assess results in the context of actual production or consumption patterns. Applying these practices would strengthen food life cycle assessment aggregation studies as a tool guiding towards sustainable food systems.     

An Investigation into the Ionic Chemical Composition and Mixing State of Biomass Burning Particles Recorded During TRACE-P P3B Flight#10

In this study bulk airborne aerosol composition measured by the PILS-IC (integration time of 3 min 24 s) during TRACE-P P3B Flight 10 are used to investigate the ionic chemical composition and mixing state of biomass burning particles. A biomass burning plume, roughly 3–4 days old, moderately influenced by urban pollution aerosols recorded in the Philippine Sea is investigated. Focusing on the fine particle NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and water-soluble organics, the observed correlations and nearly 1-to-1 molar ratios between K⁺ and NO₃⁻ and between NH₄⁺ and (SO₄²⁻+ inferred Organics) suggest the presence of fine-mode KNO₃, (NH₄)₂SO₄, and NH₄(Organics) aerosols. Under the assumption that these ion pairs existed, and because KNO₃ is thermodynamically less favored than K₂SO₄ in a mixture of NO₃⁻, SO₄²⁻, K⁺, NH₄⁺, and Organic anions, the measurements suggest that aerosols could be composed of biomass burning particles (KNO₃) mixed to a large degree externally with the (NH₄)₂SO₄ aerosols. A “closed-mode” thermodynamic aerosol simulation predicts that a degree of external mixing (by SO₄²⁻ mass) of 60 to 100% is necessary to achieve the observed ionic associations in terms of the existence of KNO₃. However, the degree of external mixing is most likely larger than 90%, based on both the presence of KNO₃ and the amounts of NH₄NO₃. Calculations are also shown that the aerosol mixing state significantly impacts particle growth by water condensation/evaporation. In the case of P3B Flight #10, the internal mixture is generally more hygroscopic than the external mixture. This method for estimating particle mixing state from bulk aerosol data is less definitive than single particle analysis, but because the data are quantitative, it may provide a complementary method to single particle chemical analysis.     

Studies on the Relationship between Inachus phalangium FABRICIUS (Maiidae) and Anemonia sulcata PENNANT in their natural environment

Abstract. The relationship between Inachus phalangium and Anemonia sulcata was investigated in situ. Periodical controls of Anemonia harbouring Inachus revealed that less than half of the crabs remained in their Anemonia whereas the others disappeared. All crabs removed and released returned to Anemonia indicating a clear preference for this species of actinian. Washing with acetone completely removed the crab's protection against the Anemonia. A third of the acetone-treated animals was ingested when replaced in the Anemonia. Inachus-Anemonia contact is required for the crab to gain protection and acquire a potential acclimatizing behaviour. A method is described to mark Inachus. Crabs found together with Anemonia are listed.     

Hatchery programs,stock enhancement,and cost effectiveness: A case study of the Albemarle Sound/Roanoke River stocking program 1981–1996

Fish hatchery programs commonly are used to enhance depleted fish populations. While these programs are highly valued by the public, most likely due to their nonrestrictive approach to restoring a fishery, the effectiveness of these programs has been often questioned. This study investigates economic and ecological effectiveness of the Albemarle Sound/Roanoke River (AR) striped bass stocking program from 1981 to1996 as a case study.