渔港防台风等级评估研究 ——以霞关一级渔港为例

文章通过对历史上影响苍南近岸海域的24场风暴潮过程进行分析筛选,确定1323“菲特”为最危险台风路径基础,设计了8~17级的间距为22.5 km的18条构造台风路径,采用FVCOM浪、潮、流耦合模式分别计算潮位场、流场和浪场分布,通过分析渔港岸线是否淹没、锚泊地是否船只走锚、防波堤防浪能力3个指标确定单项防台评估能力,按“就低不就高”的原则最终确定霞关一级渔港的防台风等级为9级,并且渔船锚泊是渔港的薄弱环节,最后结合研究过程中发现的问题,提出渔港防台风建议。     

A Numerical Study of Tidal Asymmetry： Preferable Asymmetry of Nonlinear Mechanisms in Xiangshan Bay,East China Sea

In-situ measurements in Xiangshan Bay, the East China Sea, show that the duration of the rising tide is shorter than that of the falling tide around the bay mouth, while it becomes much longer in the inner bay. A finite volume coastal ocean model（FVCOM） with an unstructured mesh was applied to simulate the asymmetric tidal field of Xiangshan Bay. The model reproduced the observed tidal elevations and currents successfully. Several numerical experiments were conducted to clarify the roles of primary mechanisms underlying the asymmetric tidal field. According to the model results, the time-varying channel depth and nonlinear advection prefer shorter duration of the rising tide in Xiangshan Bay, while the time-varying bay width favors longer duration of the rising tide. The overtides generated by these two opposite types of nonlinear mechanisms are out of phase, resulting in smaller M4 amplitude than the sumfold of each individual contribution. Although the bottom friction as a nonlinear mechanism contributes little to the generation of overtide M4, it is regarded as a mechanism that could cause a shorter duration of the rising tide, for it can slow down the M2 phase speed much more than it slows down the M4 phase speed. The time-varying depth, nonlinear advection and bottom friction are dominating factors around the bay mouth, while the time-varying width dominates in the inner bay, causing the tidal elevation asymmetry to be inverted along the bay.     

基于FVCOM的厦门湾及其周边海域三维潮流数值模拟

基于非结构三角形网格、干-湿判别技术和有限体积法的FVCOM（finite volume coastal oceanmodel）海洋数值模式,建立了厦门湾及其周边海域高分辨率（30 m）的三维潮汐、潮流数值模型.模拟结果同该海域2个验潮站和4个连续海流站的观测资料符合良好,较好地反映了厦门湾及其周边海域潮汐、潮流运动的变化状况和分布特征,并给出了M2、S2、K1、O1共4个主要分潮的同潮图、表层潮流椭圆、最大可能潮流流速及表、底层潮余流分布.厦门湾及其周边海域属正规半日潮类型,4个分潮的最大潮汐振幅分别为200、65、36、29 cm,厦门湾内外迟角差分别为20°、25°、18°、10°;镇海角至围头角连线东南侧湾口区为逆时针旋转的驻波,西北侧湾内为前进潮波.湾内潮流属正规半日潮流,湾口区潮流以逆时针方向的旋转流运动为主,湾内各水道为往复潮流,椭圆长轴与水道走向一致,4个分潮流表层最大流速分别为201、51、34、25 cm/s;九龙江口区3条港道内的流速以南港最大;表层余流大于底层余流,二者水平分布形态基本一致,都为北进南出.     

“纳沙”台风引起北部湾沿岸风暴射流及其机制

基于FVCOM模式建立一个三维数值模型,对2011年“纳沙”台风登陆北部湾前后水位与流场变化进行了分析,并探究了风暴射流的生成机制。结果表明,广西近岸风暴射流的产生是对台风到来造成的水位起伏变化的一种正压响应;台风进入到北部湾期间,造成北部湾近岸水位先降低后升高,所导致的水位梯度差产生了驱动力,促使海水向西运动增强,从而导致在广西近海风暴射流的产生;台风登陆期间琼州海峡西向流流量增大到0.4 Sv以上,最大可达0.7 Sv;台风进入到北部湾后,促使琼州海峡西向流更多进入到北部湾,造成湾内正位涡输入增大,产生了气旋式环流来维持位涡平衡,同时气旋式环流也有利于向西运动的风暴射流增强;流经广西沿岸的风暴射流引起向西的水体输运可达0.2 Sv,对北部湾内营养盐以及污染物运移将产生重要影响。     

Wave-ice dynamical interaction: a numerical model and its application

In this paper, an ice floe inner stress caused by the wave-induced bending moment is derived to estimate the stress failure of ice floe. The strain and stress failures are combined to establish a wave-induced ice yield scheme. We added ice stress and strain failure module in the Finite-Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM), which already includes module of ice-induced wave attenuation. Thus a fully coupled wave-ice dynamical interaction model is established based on the ice and wave modules of FVCOM. This model is applied to reproduce the ice and wave fields of the breakup events observed during the second Sea Ice Physics and Ecosystem Experiment (SIPEX-2) voyage. The simulation results show that by adopting the combined wave-induced ice yield scheme, the model can successfully predict the ice breakup events, which the strain failure model is unable to predict. By comparing the critical significant wave height deduced from strain and stress failure schemes, it is concluded that the ice breakup is caused by the strain failure when wave periods are shorter than a threshold value, while the stress failure is the main reason for the ice breakup when wave periods are longer than the threshold value. Neglecting either of these two ice-break inducement mechanisms could overestimate the ice floe size, and thus underestimate the velocity of the ice lateral melt and increase the error of simulation of polar ice extent.     

西北太平洋的一种潮汐数值同化模型

利用FVCOM海洋数值模式,在球坐标系统下考虑非线性效应和天体引潮力的影响,基于非结构的三角形网格建立了包括中国近海、日本海、鄂霍次科海和部分西北太平洋海域的高分辨率海洋潮汐数值模型,并采用趋近法同化84个沿岸验潮站的观测资料。模拟结果与175个验潮站的实测结果拟合良好,M₂,S₂,K₁,O₁四个主要分潮振幅和迟角的绝对平均误差分别为4.0 cm和5.6°,2.4 cm和7.5°,2.6 cm和6.3°,1.5 cm和5.0°。依据调和分析结果给出了4个主要分潮的同潮图分布,得到8个半日分潮和5个全日分潮的无潮点,证实了宗谷海峡全日潮无潮点的存在,首次模拟得到津轻海峡的全日潮无潮点;还给出了整个计算海域内最大可能潮差和潮汐余水位的分布特征。     

围海建设对天津近海水动力环境的影响研究

基于FVCOM三维水动力模型研究了围填海建设对天津近海海域水动力的影响。结果表明:针对近岸海域的围填建设,围填造陆对天津近海海域的潮流场有一定的影响,围填建设区北部和南部区域流速增大,右侧区域流速减小,流速变化在-30～20cm/s之间,平均变化率为30.4%,流向变化在-50°～40°之间;余流场变化幅度较大,在1～17.9cm/s之间。     

Coupled ice‐ocean variability in the Greenland Sea

Abstract

A major surface feature of the Greenland Sea during winter is the frequent eastward extension of sea ice south of 75°N and an associated embayment to the north. These features are nominally connected with the East Greenland Current, and both the promontory and the embayment are readily apparent on climatic ice charts. However, there are significant changes in these features on time‐scales as short as a few days. Using a combination of satellite microwave images (SSM/I) of ice cover, meteorological data and in situ velocity, temperature and salinity records, we relate the ice distribution and its changes to the developing structure and circulation of the upper ocean during winter 1988–1989. Our measurements illustrate the preconditioning that leads to convective overturn, which in turn brings warmer water to the surface and results in the rapid disappearance of ice. In particular, the surface was cooled to the freezing point by early December and the salinity then increased through ice formation (about 0.016 m d^‐1) and brine rejection. Once the vertical density gradient was sufficiently eroded, a period of high heat flux (>300 W m^‐2) in late January provided enough buoyancy loss to convectively mix the upper water column to at least 200 m. We estimate vertical velocities at about 3 cm s^‐1 downward during the initial sinking. The deepening of the thermocline raised surface temperatures by over 1°C resulting in nearly 1.5 × 10⁵ km² of ice‐melt within two days. Average rates of ice retreat are about 11 km d^‐1 southwestward, generally consistent with a wind‐driven flow. Comparison of hydrographic surveys from before and after the overturning indicate the fresh water was advected out of the area, possibly to the south and east of our moorings.     

The model of tracing drift targets and its application in the South China Sea

A Leeway-Trace model was established for the traceability analysis of drifting objects at sea. The model was based on the Leeway model which is a Monte Carlo-based ensemble trajectory model, and a method of realistic traceability analysis was proposed in this study by using virtual spatiotemporal drift trajectory prediction. Here,measured data from a drifting buoy observation experiment in the northern South China Sea in April 2019,combined with surface current data obtained from the finite volu...     

高盐水排放扩散的三维高分辨率数值模拟

利用非结构化网格有限体积方法的FVCOM模型,建立了1个高分辨率的三维盐度扩散模型,综合考虑了潮汐、季风和波浪对高盐水扩散的影响,模拟了海阳海水淡化厂夏季高盐废水排放的扩散情况。通过模拟发现,高盐水主要集中在底层,表层、中层含量很少。在波浪的作用下,垂向混合加强,高盐水在底部的扩散有所收缩,而在中层和表层相应的增大。结果表明,对高盐水扩散的数值模拟研究,必须使用高分辨率的三维模型,并应当考虑波浪的影响。