Wave-Induced Loads on Very Large FPSOs at Restricted Water Depth

The effects of water depth on the wave-induced vertical bending moment and shearing force on a very large FPSO are studied by experiments and computations for regular and irregular waves. The restricted water depth composite Green function is employed to develop a program for the computation of the hydrodynamic coefficients of the very large FPSO at shallow water. A thrce-segment model with 1 : 100 scale is tested in the State Key Laboratory of Ocean Engineering at Shanghai Jiao Tong University for the verification of the nmnerical method. The experimental and computational results show that the water depth has a substantial effect on wave-induced loads. The wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of water depth for shallow water. Especially, for ultra-shallow water these loads increase very evidently with the decrease of water depth. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads increase with the decrease of the ratio of water depth to draught. The long-term prediction values of wave-induced vertical loads are about 8% larger than those for deep water when the ratio of water depth to draught is 3.0. However, water depth hardly affects the longterm prediction values of wave-induced loads when the ratio of water depth to draught is larger than 5.0.     

内孤立波作用下FPSO动力响应特性

以KdV、eKdV和MCC理论的适用性条件为依据,利用内孤立波产生的瞬时速度和瞬时压力沿船体表面求面积分的方法分别计算浮式生产储油卸油装置(FPSO)内孤立波摩擦阻力和Froude-krylov力,再结合时域有限位移运动方程,研究了有限深两层流体中的内孤立波与带分段式系泊缆FPSO的相互作用问题。以东沙群岛某海域实测170 m振幅的内孤立波为对象,数值分析了在内孤立波作用下FPSO的内孤立波动态载荷、运动响应及其系泊张力的变化特性。研究表明,内孤立波会对FPSO产生突发的冲击,使FPSO产生大幅度水平漂移运动,导致系泊缆张力显著增大。在该振幅内孤立波作用下,FPSO受到的水平力最大可达56 t,垂向力最大可达1 961 t;纵荡位移可达47.62 m,系泊缆张力增加最大可达106.4 t。因此,在FPSO等深海浮式结构物的设计应用中,内孤立波的影响是不可忽视的。     

圆筒型FPSO阻尼结构的阻尼性能研究

针对圆筒型海上储油装置FPSO,研究其不同类型阻尼结构的阻尼性能,以便有效减小此类结构的垂荡运动。提出U型和倒U型两种不同的圆筒型FPSO阻尼结构型式,采用CFD方法模拟浮体的强迫运动,计算分析阻尼结构的阻尼特性,对比了传统垂荡板结构、U型阻尼结构、倒U型阻尼结构的阻尼性能,详细分析阻尼结构的不同参数包括高度、筒体间距、开孔情况等三个因素对于阻尼特性的影响,基于CFD方法,分析了不同阻尼结构阻尼形成的机理。计算分析表明,倒U型阻尼性能最好,U型和倒U型阻尼结构与筒体间距增大后阻尼增大,阻尼结构高度增加或开孔增加后阻尼降低。     

基于风险的内转塔单点系泊线强度设计

随着安全管理意识的提高,海洋工程结构物的设计正在由基于规范的设计逐步转变到基于风险的设计。根据系泊线年腐蚀磨损量,按照钢缆和锚链的截面损失率,考虑截面损失变化的不确定性,建立系泊线承载能力随时间变化的概率密度模型。根据势流理论,建立FPSO及其系泊系统的水动力模型,求解设计海况下系泊线张力的时间历程,拟合系泊线最大张力的概率分布。根据可靠性理论,求解系泊线断裂的概率。按照系泊系统的不同工作年限,绘制系泊系统失效概率变化的曲线。结果表明,不同的风险接受准则,以及系泊缆的直径缩减速率对于系泊线的抗拉强度和寿命具有重要影响。概率化的系泊系统风险评估工作,为基于风险的FPSO系泊系统设计提供了参考。     

Time series prediction of mooring line top tension by the NARX and Volterra model

To minimize the computation burdens of long-term analysis, the mooring line top tensions under various short-term sea states were predicted using the pre-calculated nonlinear time domain analysis results of some selected sea states. A nonlinear autoregressive with an exogenous input (NARX) technique was introduced with a finite nonlinear memory length to predict the top-tension of a mooring line of the box-type floating production storage and offloading (FPSO). The NARX was designed in such a way that it takes the floater’s motions as its input and produces the mooring line top tension as an output. After training the NARX using the pre-calculated time series of the motions and tensions of some selected sea states, the tension time histories of different sea sates were predicted and compared with the direct time domain analysis results. In addition, to explore the nonlinearity of the system and its contribution to the response, the transfer functions of different orders were extracted after expanding the NARX equation using a Taylor series expansion. The nonlinear contributions coming from both the 3^rd and 5^th order were significant.     

一种适用于深水浮式海洋平台结构的新型系泊系统设计及水动力性能分析

作为浮式结构最常采用的两种系泊方式,悬链式系泊和张紧式系泊皆存在不足。本文提出了一种新型系泊系统,并以一深水FPSO为例,采用完全时域耦合分析方法,对不同工作水深情况下的浮体及新型系泊系统的运动性能进行了数值模拟,并将该新型系泊系统的仿真结果与传统的张紧式系泊系统进行了比较,分析了新型系泊系统在浮体运动性能、缆索张力等方面的改善,同时探讨了该新型系泊系统的最佳工作水深。     

Heat flow analysis of an FPSO topside model with wind effect taken into account: A wind-tunnel test and CFD simulation

The aim of this paper is to study the feasibility of a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method to examine the effect of wind on the thermal-diffusion characteristics of floating production storage and offloading (FSPO) topside models subject to fire. It is motivated by the need to identify the fire loads on FPSO topsides, taking into account the effects of wind speed and direction as well as the effects of geometry of the FPSO topsides. The results of a wind-tunnel test and CFD simulation undertaken for these purposes on a 1/14-scale FPSO topside model of a VLCC class FPSO unit are reported here. In the wind-tunnel test, the locations of the heat source of the fire are varied, as are the speed and direction of the wind, and the temperature distribution is measured. CFD simulations, using the ANSYS CFX (2009) program, were performed on the test model, with the results compared with the experimental results. It is concluded that wind has a significant effect on the thermal-diffusion characteristics of the test model and that the CFD simulations are in good agreement with the experimental results. The insights developed in this study will be very useful for the fire engineering of FPSO topsides.     

FPSO结构低周疲劳寿命计算方法研究

FPSO在海洋环境中频繁地进行装载与卸载操作,使FPSO船体结构产生较大的应力幅值,尤其是承受货油压力的内底纵骨。由于局部的应力集中,应力幅值超过材料的屈服强度,其装卸载次数小于104时,结构将产生低周疲劳。研究一种新的计算方法,根据Neuber假设进行塑性修正,通过应变范围得到伪热点应力范围,并确定热点应力与伪热点应力之间的关系。推导出一种新的S-N曲线作为低周疲劳的设计曲线,以伪热点应力作为计算量来预测低周疲劳寿命,降低了船体结构低周疲劳寿命计算的难度。     

南中国海油田独立开发方案讨论

从南海某油田开发方案研究出发,根据目标油田的油藏规模和储量,兼顾周边油田的区域开发需求,确定油田开发思路和钻完井机具、方式的选择方法。详细阐述油田生产处理、油气水输送、原油储存和外输的主工艺流程设计思想,系统论述油田开发主要工程设施的研究思路和方法。在经过初步工程方案筛选后,针对油田独立开发的关键设施———浮式储油生产装置(FPSO)或浮式储油装置(FSO),以改造升级旧 FPSO、旧油轮改造成 FSO 及新建 FPSO 等三个可行的开发方案为基础,确定相应的主工艺流程,从各方案技术优缺点、工期编排及工程投资估算等方面综合考虑,进行油田开发工程方案的最终选择。在此基础上,总结了南中国海油田独立开发方案的研究思路和方法,该方法对于远离陆地的油田开发方案研究具有借鉴意义。     

Dynamic Analysis of Turret-Moored FPSO System in Freak Wave

Freak wave is the common wave which has significant wave height and irregular wave shape, and it is easy to damage offshore structure extremely. The FPSOs (Floating Production Storage and Offloading) suffer from the environment loads, including the freak wave. The freak waves were generated based on the improved phase modulation model, and the coupling model of FPSO-SPM (Single Point Mooring) was established by considering internal-turret FPSO and its mooring system. The dynamic response characteristics of both FPSO and SPM affected by the freak wave were analyzed in the time domain. According to the results, the freak waves generated by original phase modulation model mainly affect the 2nd-order wave loads. However, the freak waves which are generated by random frequencies phase modulation model affect both 1st-order and 2nd-order wave loads on FPSO. What is more, compared with the irregular waves, the dynamic responses of mooring system are larger in the freak waves, but its amplitude lags behind the peak of the freak wave.