Technical Challenges and Engineering Solutions for Gas Pipelines in Permafrost Regions: A Review

Oil and gas pipelines in permafrost regions differ greatly from those in temperate climate zones. People only know that these pipelines were constructed in remote areas with fragile environments. However, gas pipeline engineering, construction, operation and management will face a series of unique problems because of unforgiving environment, special hydrogeology, engineering geology, and freezing and thawing disasters. Being different from the Trans-Alaska Pipeline System, Roman Wells Oil Pipeline, China-Russia Crude Oil Pipeline from Mo’he to Daqing and Golmud-Lhasa Oil Products Pipeline, natural gas pipelines in permafrost regions face new problems and challenges in many areas including different transporting media, gas flow temperature control and environmental protection. This paper systematically reviewed issues such as chilled transporting processes, coupled hydrothermal-hydraulic-mechanical modeling of the pipe-soil system, temperature overrun in station outage scenarios, engineering constraints of stress-based design, single laying method and low reliability of monitoring system during operating stage. Initial framework solutions were proposed in the hope of identifying new approaches for gas pipeline in northern and upland permafrost regions.     

液化场地地下管线地震反应研究述评

本文简要介绍了地下管线的震害特征和主要影响因素。对国内外在液化场地地下管线方面的研究现状从试验研究和理论分析2个方面进行了论述并探讨了液化场地地下管线反应需进一步研究的一些问题。     

西南岩溶地区不同含水介质地球物理勘查技术

针对西南岩溶地区表层带岩溶水、管道型岩溶水(溶洞、暗河、管道等)、构造裂隙岩溶水等不同类型地下水赋存介质特点,通过适宜的地球物理方法使用条件以及找水特点的分析,提出不同含水介质中寻找地下水地球物理勘查要解决的地质问题、拟采用的综合物探方法,分别总结出了它们的电性参数(或曲线)的响应特征,形成了不同含水介质的地球物理勘查技术组合方案。最后通过实例验证其实用性,并对在西南岩溶地区地下水地球物理勘查工作中积累的技术经验进行了总结。      

Wake II model for hydrodynamic forces on marine pipelines including waves and currents

The Wake II model for the determination of the hydrodynamic forces on marine pipelines is extended to include currents and waves. There are two main differences between the Wake II and the traditional model. First, in the Wake II model the velocity is modified to include the pipe's encounter with the wake flow when the velocity reverses. Second, the model uses time dependent drag and lift coefficients. The flow field is assumed to be the linear superposition of regular waves and uniform current and is treated as wave only but in two different phases. The model requires eight empirical parameters that are obtained from comparisons with field data for various Keulegan–Carpenter numbers and current to wave ratios. The effective velocity and the force predictions are compared with field data from Exxon Production Research Company and with the conventional model. The model gives satisfactory results and predicts lift forces that in shape, magnitude and phase relative to the velocity are in very close agreement with measured forces. For the horizontal forces the results are very accurate. A substantial improvement is obtained over the predictions with the conventional model. This work is applicable to the design of submarine pipelines laying on the sea bottom in water depths where waves or waves and currents contribute to the hydrodynamic forces.     

海流作用下子母管结构横向涡激振动

基于量纲分析,设计模型试验研究稳态海流作用下子母管结构的横向涡激振动。通过对结构横向振动位移、水动力载荷和流场速度的同步测量分析,研究子母管结构横向涡激振动幅值和频率随约减速度的变化规律以及母管的水动力特性。实验结果表明,子母管间距比和质量比对管道横向振动和水动力有较大影响。在管间距比为0.1～0.5范围内,子母管结构涡激振动存在明显的不对称性。随着子母管间距比的减小,结构横向最大振幅增大,涡激振动的约减速度范围变宽;随着质量比的增大,涡激振动的约减速度范围变窄。母管的平均阻力系数随子母管间距比的增大单调递减,而平均升力系数则呈现非单调变化的特征。     

A simplified analysis model for determining the seismic response of buried steel pipes at strike-slip fault crossings

The seismic response analysis of buried pipelines at fault crossings is a complex problem requiring nonlinear 3D soil-structure and large deformation analyses. Such analyses are computationally expensive and the results are hard to evaluate. Therefore, a simple numerical model is needed for engineering and design offices to determine the seismic demand of steel pipes at fault crossings. This paper presents a simplified numerical model for buried steel pipes crossing strike-slip faults and oriented perpendicular to the fault. Two pipes with different diameter to thickness (D/t) ratios and steel grades are used in the study. The proposed model permits plastic hinge formations in the pipe due to incrementally applied fault movements, allows determination of the critical length of the pipeline and measure strains developed on the tension and compression sides in the pipe. The model also considers the effect of bending as well as axial strains due to stretching.     

Estimation of Earthquake Damage to Buried Pipelines Caused by Ground Shaking

One of the most critical lessons of the recent earthquakes is the need for seismic planning for lifelines, with appropriate supplies and back up systems for emergency repair and restoration. Seismic planning, however requires physical loss estimations before the earthquakes occur. Buried pipeline damage correlations are critical part of loss estimation procedures applied to lifelines for future earthquakes. We review the existing pipeline damage relationships only for ground shaking (transient ground deformations) in the light of recent developments and evaluate them with Denizli City, Turkey water supply system. Eight scenario earthquakes with four different earthquake magnitudes between M6 and M7 caused by two different fault ruptures (Pamukkale and Karakova-Akhan Faults) were used. Analyses were performed by using Geographical Information Systems (GIS). This high number of different scenario earthquakes made it possible to compare the pipeline damage relationships at different ground shaking levels. Pipeline damage estimations for Denizli City were calculated for each damage relationship and earthquake scenario. Relative effects of damage relationships and scenario earthquakes on the results were compared and discussed. The results were presented separately for brittle, ductile, and all pipelines. It was shown that the variation in ductile pipeline damage estimations by various relationships was higher than the variation in brittle pipeline damage estimations for a particular scenario earthquake.     

X3M探地雷达在城市地下管线探查中的应用

论文介绍了X3M探地雷达在地下管线探查的应用,对一些典型的探测图像进行了说明,并对其工作方法提出了一些建议。     

基于缓冲区的电力管网重复管线合并算法

针对电力地下管网数据核查过程中因为数据迁移或者数据更新等其他原因导致的电力管线重复问题,提出了一种基于缓冲区的地理拓扑关系判断方法来检测并合并重复管线。在服从电力管线布局原则下,首先,对电力管线进行插值处理;然后,构造出管线缓冲区,其缓冲半径受插值距离调节,在此缓冲范围可以判断出地理点线包含关系;最后,根据不同的地理点线包含关系可以分析出管线间的线-线拓扑关系,从而可以判断出是否存在重复管线从而采取相应的重复管线处理措施。实验结果表明,提出的方法能够高效准确地处理电力管网数据核查中的重复管线问题。     

海底管道裸露与悬跨维护方法研究

随着辽东湾浅海油气的开发,该海域海底管道的铺设增多。该区域受潮汐、河流等因素影响,海底管道可能出现裸露与悬跨现象,需要人为定期检测与维护。根据辽东湾海南8管道的检测结果,结合海底沉积物、水文等资料,分析了该海区冲刷机制和现今常用的海底管道裸露与悬跨的维护方法在该海域的适用性。