Metalliferous Sediment and a Silica-Hematite Deposit within the Blanco Fracture Zone,Northeast Pacific

A Tiburon ROV dive within the East Blanco Depression (EBD) increased the mapped extent of a known hydrothermal field by an order of magnitude. In addition, a unique opal-CT (cristobalite-tridymite)-hematite mound was discovered, and mineralized sediments and rock were collected and analyzed. Silica-hematite mounds have not previously been found on the deep ocean floor. The light-weight rock of the porous mound consists predominantly of opal-CT and hematite filaments, rods, and strands, and averages 77.8% SiO₂ and 11.8% Fe₂O₃. The hematite and opal-CT precipitated from a low-temperature (≥ 115° C), strongly oxidized, silica- and iron-rich, sulfur-poor hydrothermal fluid; a bacterial mat provided the framework for precipitation.

Samples collected from a volcaniclastic rock outcrop consist primarily of quartz with lesser plagioclase, smectite, pyroxene, and sulfides; SiO₂ content averages 72.5%. Formation of these quartz-rich samples is best explained by cooling in an up-flow zone of silica-rich hydrothermal fluids within a low permeability system. Opal-A, opal-CT, and quartz mineralization found in different places within the EBD hydrothermal field likely reflects decreasing silica saturation and increasing temperature of the mineralizing fluid with increasing silica crystallinity.

Six push cores recovered gravel, coarse sand, and mud mineralized variously by Fe or Mn oxides, silica, and sulfides. Total rare-earth element concentrations are low for both the rock and push core samples. Ce and Eu anomalies reflect high and low temperature hydrothermal components and detrital phases.

A remarkable variety of types of mineralization occur within the EBD field, yet a consistent suite of elements is enriched (relative to basalt and unmineralized cores) in all samples analyzed: Ag, Au, S, Mo, Hg, As, Sb, Sr, and U; most samples are also enriched in Cu, Pb, Cd, and Zn. On the basis of these element enrichments, the EBD hydrothermal field might best be described as a base- and precious-metal-bearing, silica-Fe-oxide-barite deposit. Such deposits are commonly spatially and temporally associated with volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) ores. A plot of data for pathfinder elements shows a large hot spot at the northwestern margin of the field, which may mark a region where moderate to high temperature sulfide deposits are forming at depth; further exploration of the hydrothermal field to the northwest is warranted.     

Deja vu? A second mytilid mussel,Semimytilus algosus,invades South Africa's west coast

A second marine mussel is shown to have invaded South Africa's west coast. Molecular techniques, based on intraspecific gene sequence divergences, prove its identity as Semimytilus algosus, a member of the family Mytilidae, native to Chile. The identity of an older introduced population found in Namibia is also confirmed. The present geographic range of S. algosus in South Africa extends some 500 km, from Groenriviersmond in the north to Bloubergstrand in the south. Together with Mytilus galloprovincialis, another previously established invasive mussel, S. algosus has become a dominant intertidal organism on wave-exposed rocky shores across this region. Both species are now much more abundant intertidally than either of the indigenous mussels Aulacomya ater and Choromytilus meridionalis, which have become largely confined to sublittoral and sand-inundated habitats respectively. The two invasive mussels display strong spatial segregation, with M. galloprovincialis dominating the midshore and S. algosus blanketing the lower shore. Through a combination of its small size and high abundance, S. algosus is likely to greatly increase food availability for a range of intertidal predators, many of which cannot consume mussels above a threshold size.     

Evidence of deep genetic divergence between populations of an important recreational fishery species,Lichia amia L. 1758, around southern Africa

Lichia amia is an important coastal recreational fishery species with a cosmopolitan distribution in the eastern Atlantic. In southern Africa, it is distributed from southern Angola to northern KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. A recent biological survey revealed differences between Angolan and South African individuals suggesting that they may represent separate stocks. As fishery management decisions should be based on accurate knowledge of population structure, an initial survey of the genetic substructuring of L. amia was conducted on samples collected in southern Angola and South Africa. Assessment of genetic diversity and population structure was conducted using a fragment of the mitochondrial Control Region. Obtained genetic diversity levels were within the expected range for marine teleosts (h = 0.867, π = 0.007), and two deeply divergent (southern Angolan and South African) populations were identified (average φ _ST = 0.78) across the Benguela Current system. These results suggest that Angolan and South African L. amia should be managed as two independent stocks. This work represents the first assessment of population genetic substructuring across the Benguela Current of a valuable coastal fishery resource, and has application for future fisheries management.     

吉林省白山市金英金矿床地质特征及成因探讨

金英金矿床产于叠加在先期存在的新元古界钓鱼台组石英砂岩与古元古界珍珠门组硅化白云质大理岩之间的不整合面附近的硅化构造角砾岩带中的F100断裂内,主要受区域性断裂F102及局部性断裂F100的联合控制.金英金矿形成的特殊环境和物化条件,使其具有独特的矿物组合和矿石结构构造,是我国目前发现的一种新类型金矿.金矿类型属于中生代造山带型金矿.     

新型质子旋进磁力仪软件系统设计与实现

针对自主研制的新型质子旋进磁力仪的硬件系统的技术特点,结合具体测量中的一些实际情况,基于Microchip公司的P1C16F877A芯片,设计并实现了一套测控软件;系统的介绍了该软件系统各个模块的设计原理与程序流程,分析了其技术特点与优势.并在测量大地总场值的实验中,与加拿大GEM公司生产的DiDd三分量磁力仪测量进行了比较,结果表明我们的新型质子旋进磁力仪在测量精度与准确度上接近DiDd三分量磁力仪,而在成本仪器体积与重量方面,则明显优于DiDd.     

极区电离层F2层峰值电子浓度对太阳活动依赖性的共轭研究

本文利用南极中山站(ZHS),以及北极与其地理共轭的Tromso站(TRO)、地磁共轭的Longyearbyen站(LYB)各自约一个太阳活动周的观测数据,对比分析了极区电离层F₂层峰值电子浓度(N_mF₂)对太阳活动的依赖性.结果表明,三个台站N_mF₂月中值随修正太阳10.7 cm通量指数F_10.7P(简称P)增大在总体上呈线性增长,这说明在这三个台站,太阳辐射仍是其F₂层主要电离源.其中TRO站N_mF₂与P线性关系最好,ZHS站的次之,LYB站的最差.在日变化中,TRO站N_mF₂对太阳活动响应最为敏感的时刻出现在地方时中午附近,LYB站出现在磁中午,ZHS站则出现在地方时中午和磁地方时中午之间.这主要是由地理/地磁纬度差异引起的不同强度的光致电离与极区等离子体对流共同作用的结果.在年变化中,TRO站N_mF₂随太阳活动变化上升最快的季节出现在冬季,夏季上升最慢.在ZHS站与LYB站,N_mF₂对太阳活动变化的响应都在两分季最为敏感.这种季节上的差异则是由于三个台站光致电离与中性大气成分R[O/N₂]的不同所致.     

Necessary restructuring or globalization failure? Shifts in regional supplier relations after the merger of the former German Hoechst and French Rhône-Poulenc groups

A large part of the work in economic geography and other social sciences surrounding globalization processes has focused on the prospects of economic growth due to the establishment of global production chains and the rise of new clusters of industrial activity. In recent years, much less attention has been paid to former growth industries and regions that have suffered from the negative consequences of internationalization processes. This paper will explore the cases of two chemical regions, i.e. southern Hessen, Germany and Rhône-Alpes, France. Both regions were forced to undergo drastic restructuring since the mid 1990s due to the merger of the chemical groups Hoechst and Rhône-Poulenc into Aventis. The paper argues that it is beneficial to develop a relational perspective of economic action and interaction in order to better understand these regional transformations and restructuring processes and their consequences. Instead of investigating the development of activities, which became the core operations at Aventis, we will focus on other activities that were considered less important and, consequently, split off. In analyzing the logic of restructuring and the associated changes in regional supplier relations, this paper aims to contribute to a relational understanding of economic globalization and its associated threats to regional development by focusing on agents who are subject to negative restructuring consequences.     

利用多功能裂合酶CpcE/F合成非天然重组藻胆蛋白

藻胆蛋白裂合酶是催化藻胆色素与脱辅基藻胆蛋白亚基共价连接的裂合酶,在藻胆蛋白的生物合成途径中发挥着重要作用。本实验以藻蓝蛋白裂合酶Cpc E/F为研究对象,采用基因工程组合表达技术,构建了pCDFDuet-apcA-cpcE/F-hox1-pebS、pCDFDuet-pecA-cpcE/F-hox1-pebS等重组质粒,并导入大肠杆菌中,在IPTG的诱导下,成功表达得到两种非天然藻胆蛋白ApcA-PEB和PecA-PEB,这表明Cpc E/F不仅可以催化藻蓝胆素和脱辅基藻蓝蛋白的结合,还可以催化藻红胆素(PEB)与别藻蓝蛋白α-亚基(ApcA)和藻红蓝蛋白α-亚基(PecA)的结合,因此是一种多功能的裂合酶。根据重组产物的光谱特征峰分析发现,ApcA-PEB和PecA-PEB作为两种非天然存在的重组藻胆蛋白,具有与对应天然藻胆蛋白有着相近的特征吸收光谱和荧光发射峰,但同时具有明显的波长偏移并伴有色素异化现象,其光谱学性质主要由其所携带的色素基团决定。另外,荧光寿命衰减分析发现,不同脱辅基蛋白对于重组藻胆蛋白的光谱稳定性具有重要的影响。     

Significant genetic differentiation among meroplanktonic barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo (Cnidaria: Scyphozoa) in the Mediterranean Sea

Molecular data have shown that jellyfishes are more geographically restricted and evolutionarily divergent than previously thought. We examined genetic variation and divergence within the meroplanktonic barrel jellyfish Rhizostoma pulmo in the Mediterranean Sea; specific sampling areas were the northern Adriatic, western Mediterranean and Tunisian coast. A total of 19 sampling sites and 68 sequences of the mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene were used. Of the 68 COI sequences, 45 were newly collected specimens which originated from nine sampling sites along the Tunisian coast. A total of 24 haplotypes were obtained and the specimens sampled were characterised by relatively high levels of haplotype diversity (h = 0.866) and low levels of nucleotide diversity (π = 0.004). Haplotype network analysis showed the presence of three distinct phylogenetic lineages (populations), with separate geographic ranges in the northern Adriatic, western Mediterranean and Tunisian coast. The observed genetic differentiation between these three lineages was supported by the presence of significant genetic differentiation between the 19 populations (F_ST = 0.757, p < 0.001). The high level of genetic differentiation detected in the barrel jellyfish investigated could be attributed to either intrinsic and/or extrinsic barriers to genetic exchange between different populations that may have adapted to different environmental conditions.     

兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘钼矿化——进展、规律、问题与成因初探

兴蒙造山带及其南侧受古亚洲洋南向俯冲所影响的华北板块北缘内各有1条显著的中生代斑岩钼成矿带,并在东西两侧首尾相连。文章综述了伸展环境下的斑岩钼矿床的研究进展,对兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘内这2条钼成矿带的成矿背景、分布规律、矿床共生组合特点、成矿岩浆的属性、巨量金属和水的来源以及斑岩铜、钼矿化的异同等进行了总结,并从成矿岩浆源区塑造过程的角度初步探讨了巨型钼成矿带的形成特点。这2条钼成矿带在地质特征和区域矿床组合上非常相似,具有相似的启动时间和峰值时间,与区域内的斑岩铜矿化在时代上具有不共生的特点,矿化特征也与美国科罗拉多地区产出的高F型斑岩钼化类似,二者构成了统一的整体。元素地球化学对比研究显示,南、北2条钼成矿带的成矿岩浆与古生代斑岩铜成矿岩浆以及中生代的碱性岩浆均具有相似的特征,为脱水熔融的产物,并与古老陆下岩石圈地幔包体、新生代软流圈地幔玄武岩具有显著的差别。研究认为,南钼矿带的岩浆源区是亏损金属和水的古老岩浆源区在古生代洋片俯冲过程脱水交代改造后的产物,北钼矿带的岩浆源区是古生代洋片俯冲增生形成的富水源区。成(含)矿岩石Sr同位素研究显示,南、北2条钼成矿带成矿源区均启动于Rb/Sr比值较低的源区,受到上部高Rb/Sr比值地壳的混染;Nd同位素特征的对比研究显示,二者初始Nd值差别极大,但是Sm/Nd比值非常相似,显示放射性成因Nd的积累在三叠纪以后是一致的,也说明初始Nd值的差别是成矿源区塑造前所形成和继承的,同时也说明初始Nd值的差异可能掩盖了Mo成矿岩浆形成的真正原因。通过与世界范围内其他典型钼成矿带的对比研究,认为南、北2条钼成矿带成矿的岩浆源区位于陆下岩石圈地幔,古生代期间古亚洲洋向南、北两侧的俯冲在其形成过程中具有重要作用,主要体现在塑造富集型源区、水化造山带和增厚岩石圈等几个方面。俯冲改造、加厚并富集了水和大离子亲石元素的陆下岩石圈获得了地球化学上的不稳定性,在伸展构造环境(可能有多期伸展)驱动下,脱水熔融以达到稳定的趋势,在这个过程中,其化学成分将逐渐与古老陆下岩石圈地幔的化学成分趋于一致。因此,水化的陆下岩石圈地幔在伸展过程中的低程度批式脱水部分熔融,形成的富含金属和水的高分异型岩浆构成了成矿岩浆,并在岩石圈的不同尺度经过多阶段结晶分异-同化混染后,就位成为近矿岩浆房。陆下岩石圈脱水熔融的结束也意味着巨型热液钼矿化作用的结束,并决定了俯冲后巨型热液成矿带总的生命周期,这也与兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘钼矿化(甚至其他热液型矿化)在早白垩世(约130 Ma)趋于减弱并熄灭的现象一致,也使得新生代的碱性岩浆岩不具有显著的脱水熔融特征。综上,笔者认为兴蒙造山带及华北板块北缘的斑岩钼矿化为一个统一的整体,属于古亚洲洋俯冲作用水化的源区在后期强烈伸展环境下部分熔融的产物,是古亚洲洋俯冲成矿作用的延续和发展,也是古生代塑造的富集型源区在中生代伸展构造驱动下的复合成矿作用。