Challenges of using electrical resistivity method to locate karst conduits—A field case in the Inner Bluegrass Region, Kentucky

Conduits serve as major pathways for groundwater flow in karst aquifers. Locating them from the surface, however, is one of the most challenging tasks in karst research. Geophysical methods are often deployed to help locate voids by mapping variations of physical properties of the subsurface. Conduits can cause significant contrasts of some physical properties that can be detected; other subsurface features such as water-bearing fractures often yield similar contrasts, which are difficult to distinguish from the effects of the conduits. This study used electrical resistivity method to search for an unmapped karst conduit that recharges Royal Spring in the Inner Bluegrass karst region, Kentucky, USA. Three types of resistivity techniques (surface 2D survey, quasi-3D survey, and time-lapse survey) were used to map and characterize resistivity anomalies. Some of the major anomalies were selected as drilling targets to verify the existence of the conduits. Drilling near an anomaly identified by an electrical resistivity profile resulted in successful penetration of a major water-filled conduit. The drilling results also suggest that, in this study area, low resistivity anomalies in general are associated with water-bearing features. However, differences in the anomaly signals between the water-filled conduit and other water-bearing features such as water-filled fracture zones were undistinguishable. The electrical resistivity method is useful in conduit detection by providing potential drilling targets. Knowledge of geology and hydrogeology about the site and professional judgment also played important roles in locating the major conduit.     

Managing expert-information uncertainties for assessing collapse susceptibility of abandoned underground structures

Assessing the collapse susceptibility of abandoned cavities at a regional scale is associated with large uncertainties that are mainly related to the very nature of the phenomena, but also to the difficulty in collecting exhaustive information at such a scale on often “forgotten” structures. In this context, the expert's role is essential, because he is able to synthesize the information resulting from the inventory and from the commonly imprecise, if not vague, criteria on the basis of his experience and his knowledge of the geological, historical, economic regional context.In this article, we propose mathematical tools for representing and processing this information in order to give flexibility to this step and manage the uncertainty inherent in the expert's information. The first tool, based on the weight of evidence theory, is for managing the uncertainty due to the heterogeneous spatial distribution of the data, whereas the second tool, based on the fuzzy set theory, is for managing the imprecision and incompleteness of available data, which hinder the definition of the class boundaries of the quantitative decision criteria. Based on an appropriate representation of the uncertainty sources (related to the input data and to the expert diagnostic), we then propose a methodology that integrates the uncertainty in the final output of the collapse susceptibility assessment and provides a confidence indicator useful within the decision-making process. The proposed methodology is applied to the Arras territory in the North of France, where abandoned chalk pits (dating back to the Roman ages) and war saps located in the vicinity of the First World War front lines (i.e. covered trenches), raise both difficulties for urban planning.     

自动剪断线算法的设计与实现

结合相关几何学原理,阐述了线段之间存在的空间拓扑关系,并结合当前线段相交算法的优缺点,提出了判断线段间有唯一实交点的混合判断方法,并在此基础上完成了对自动剪断线算法的设计与实现。     

Structural geology practice and learning,from the perspective of cognitive science

Spatial ability is required by practitioners and students of structural geology and so, considering spatial skills in the context of cognitive science has the potential to improve structural geology teaching and practice. Spatial thinking skills may be organized using three dichotomies, which can be linked to structural geology practice. First, a distinction is made between separating (attending to part of a whole) and combining (linking together aspects of the whole). While everyone has a basic ability to separate and combine, experts attend to differences guided by experiences of rock properties in context. Second, a distinction is made between seeing the relations among multiple objects as separate items or the relations within a single object with multiple parts. Experts can flexibly consider relations among or between objects to optimally reason about different types of spatial problems. Third, a distinction is made between reasoning about stationary and moving objects. Experts recognize static configurations that encode a movement history, and create mental models of the processes that led to the static state. The observations and inferences made by a geologist leading a field trip are compared with the corresponding observations and inferences made by a cognitive psychologist interested in spatial learning. The presented framework provides a vocabulary for discussing spatial skills both within and between the fields of structural geology and cognitive psychology.     

隧道岩溶涌水专家评判系统在朱家岩隧道涌水预报中的应用

隧道岩溶涌水预测是个非常复杂的问题。直到目前,在我国铁路、公路、水工等的隧道施工中还经常发生由于岩溶涌水预测错误而引起施工安全问题的事例。预测之所以失误,主要是对隧道岩溶涌水机理缺乏全面认识,和没有一套科学实用的评判系统。本文以朱家岩隧道为例,运用隧道岩溶涌水专家评判系统对沪蓉西高速公路多条长隧道岩溶涌水进行预测评价及施工超前预报,获得了良好的效果。      

基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识

提出了一种基于支持向量机的卫星遥感数据大雾判识方法:首先通过对风云1D卫星大雾区域的各通道辐射值出现频次进行概率统计,利用其阈值来粗判识大雾;然后在粗判识的基础上通过支持向量机的方法进行大雾细判识;最后利用腐蚀和膨胀的图像处理技术对判识后的图像进行优化处理。在对我国2006年9-12月的65条监测到大雾的风云1D轨道的探测数据进行分析之后,发现大雾判识结果与专家标记吻合。检验结果表明,利用1、2、4、6、7、10通道组合进行粗判识的结果最好,5交叉正确率为89.9849%,TS评分为74.04%。利用上述方法对个例的分析检验表明,基于支持向量机的遥感大雾判识方法是切实可行的。     

基于模糊数学综合评判的库岸稳定性分段——以新疆某水电站近坝库岸为例

从影响库岸稳定性的诸因素中筛选出六个主要因素：坡度、坡体形态、坡体完整性程度、库水面宽度、主风向与库岸夹角及坡体结构,根据其影响程度确定了它们的权重,将库岸稳定性分为良好、较好、较差和差四级。按照各个影响因素对斜坡和各级稳定性的影响不同,对各单因素进行离散化处理,得到各影响因素的隶属度矩阵。通过对各单因素矩阵与影响因素权重运算,得到各个单元分区的稳定性评价结果。运用该方法对新疆某水电站近坝库岸段20km的稳定性进行了评价,认为稳定性较差库岸段总长约4.1km,占20.3%,主要为地质灾害分布处及工程地质条件较差的地段。该综合评判成果与现场勘察及遥感解译结果较为一致。     

铁路工程地质选线咨询系统

本文考虑了铁路线位选择的特点，从地质的角度出发，将铁路地质选线中涉及的主要问题（滑坡、泥石流、风沙、岩溶）归纳、总结建立知识库，通过推理为铁路总体选线提供地质依据，以减少工程失误，节约工程造价，保证工期。本文重点介绍该系统的组成部分及各个部分的具本设计思想和设计技巧。     

用聚类分析模糊综合评判评价地质环境质量

讨论了应用聚类分析、模糊综合评判进行地质环境质量评价的原理、方法和步骤,并将其应用于陕西省地质环境质量评价。根据陕西省地质环境复杂多变,受多因素制约的特征,将全省剖分成３５０ 个样品单元,选取地下水资源、地表水资源、水质、土地资源、地形地貌、岩土体特征、植被、气候、地震、滑坡、泥石流、地方病、水土流失、沙漠化、地面沉降、地裂缝、盐碱化、沼泽化等１５ 个变量作为评价因子,采用Ｑ 型聚类分析方法,将全省分成３７ 个地质环境质量分区,并通过模糊综合评判,将其划分成７ 个地质环境质量等级,客观地反映了陕西省地质环境质量的宏观分布特征。     

用层次分析法确定气象服务评价指标权重

在气象服务评价体系中,以气象服务总体评价为目标层,分层次确立一级和二级评价指标,利用2010年全国公众气象服务满意度调查中评价指标数据,应用层次分析法 (AHP) 中的9分位标度法和0.618标度法来构建判断矩阵,分析了各级评价指标的权重系数确定方法。分析发现,当评价指标少于5个时,可采用9分位标度法构建判断矩阵,以确定各评价指标的权重值;而当评价指标达到5个时,需采用0.618标度法来构建判断矩阵,计算出相应的权向量即为权重系数。将上述方法应用于2011年公众气象服务满意度调查数据中,前后两年主要评价指标对比显示,气象服务信息内容的权重在增加,而气象知识宣传普及的权重有所减小,即公众对于气象服务信息内容更为重视,同时气象部门对于公众的气象知识宣传普及工作也取得了成效。