杭州城区土壤的磁性与磁性矿物学及其环境意义

对杭州城区四个不同功能区块土壤进行了系统的环境磁学测定,结果表明城市土壤的磁化率平均值为128×10-8m3·kg-1,频率磁化率平均值3.6%(样品数=182),城市土壤呈现明显的磁性增强. 城市土壤的磁化率与频率磁化率呈极显著指数负相关,表明城市土壤磁性增强明显区别于自然成土过程引起的以超顺磁性(SP)颗粒为主的表土磁性增强机理. 统计分析表明,城市土壤磁化率与软剩磁和饱和等温剩磁(SIRM)呈显著直线正相关,说明亚铁磁性矿物是城市土壤剩余磁性的主要载体. 综合等温剩磁获得曲线、热磁曲线、磁滞回线等岩石磁学测定和SEM/EDX分析,城市土壤的磁性矿物以磁铁矿和赤铁矿为主,磁性矿物以假单畴-多畴（PSD-MD）颗粒存在,粒度明显大于成土过程形成的磁性颗粒,这些磁性颗粒主要来自燃料燃烧、汽车尾气等环境污染物. 因此,城市土壤磁测可作为城市土壤污染监测、污染空间分布和污染物来源判断的新手段.     

Validation of a model for impact breakage incorporating particle size effect

Investigation of a breakage probability model published by Vogel and Peukert [Vogel, L. and Peukert, W., 2004. Determination of material properties relevant to grinding by practicable labscale milling tests. Int. J. Miner. Process., 74S, 329–338.] has led to a modification of their model to describe the degree of impact breakage, t₁₀. The modified model takes a form similar to the JKMRC prior art breakage model, but with particle size and breakage properties incorporated explicitly in the model.     

Stochastic assessment of GPS carrier phase measurements for precise static relative positioning

 Global positioning system (GPS) carrier phase measurements are used in all precise static relative positioning applications. The GPS carrier phase measurements are generally processed using the least-squares method, for which both functional and stochastic models need to be carefully defined. Whilst the functional model for precise GPS positioning is well documented in the literature, realistic stochastic modelling for the GPS carrier phase measurements is still both a controversial topic and a difficult task to accomplish in practice. The common practice of assuming that the raw GPS measurements are statistically independent in space and time, and have the same accuracy, is certainly not realistic. Any mis-specification in the stochastic model will inevitably lead to unreliable positioning results. A stochastic assessment procedure has been developed to take into account the heteroscedastic, space- and time-correlated error structure of the GPS measurements. Test results indicate that the reliability of the estimated positioning results is improved by applying the developed stochastic assessment procedure. In addition, the quality of ambiguity resolution can be more realistically evaluated. Received: 13 February 2001 / Accepted: 3 September 2001     

豫北平原浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用

豫北平原隶属黄河、海河两大流域,在平原区松散岩类中蕴藏着较丰富的地下水.随着工农业和城市化的发展,地下水资源的开发利用程度在逐步升高,合理地开发利用地下水资源的重要性日趋显著.主要论述了浅层含水岩组的特征、水动力条件、开发利用现状及与地下水开采相关的环境地质问题.分析了天然资源量的组成,说明了可采资源量的计算方法,指出有开采潜力区和超采区的分布.针对所存在的问题,提出了浅层地下水资源可持续开发利用的措施.     

Medium-term responses of rocky bottoms to sewage discharges from a deepwater outfall in the NE Atlantic

An investigation on the effects of deepwater outfall discharges on the status of rocky reef communities was carried out. The sanitation system was found to be an environmentally suitable option for the protection of those habitats situated in high energy coastal environments. Sediments occurring between the predominating rocky substrates showed low values of the fine fraction (<63microm) and organic matter content. In addition, high average concentrations of Cd, Hg and Zn were found in these sediments, though these values were similar to those registered in non-affected sites, far away from the outfall. On the other hand, those assemblages typical of hard substrates that settled near the outfall showed an increase in total richness and abundance of macroinvertebrates. Moreover, the average number of species of each taxonomic group, a good indicator of the maintenance of the previous trophic structure, only varied considerably over time at the rip-rap protection. In a global context, those changes were not directly related to the discharge disturbances, but to the natural variability or the successional processes occurring within those communities. Only communities dwelling in the rip-rap protection area were affected by the proximity of the discharges.     

Evidence for a shock-metamorphic breccia within a buried impact crater,Lake Raeside,Yilgarn Craton,Western Australia

Mineral exploration drilling 60 km west of Leonora in 2008 intersected >95 m of poorly consolidated granitoid-dominated breccia at the base of a Cenozoic paleochannel beneath Lake Raeside. The breccia, initially interpreted as a kimberlite, is composed of poorly consolidated fragments of granitic gneiss, felsite and metamorphosed mafic rock within a matrix of fine to medium-grained breccia. Microscopic examination revealed quartz grains displaying well-developed planar deformation features (PDFs) dominated by the ω? {1013} planar set, diaplectic silica glass and diaplectic plagioclase glass. These features constitute the diagnostic hallmarks of shock metamorphism owing to high-velocity impact of a large meteorite or asteroid. The PDFs in quartz grains of the breccia are distinctly different from metamorphic deformation lamellae produced tectonically or in diatremes. Airborne total magnetic intensity data suggest an outline of an 11 km-diameter crater, consistent with the significant thickness of the shock-metamorphosed breccia at >95 m, suggestive of the existence of a large impact structure.     

颗石藻Pleurochrysis carterae形成休眠体的环境诱因分析

利用实验生理生态学方法对Pleurochrysis carterae种群增殖过程中出现丝状体的环境诱因进行了研究,从营养胁迫、钙化抑制胁迫、低温胁迫以及外源α-酮戊二酸的影响等几个方面,探讨了环境因子对P.carterae细胞休眠的诱导作用。结果表明,氮营养盐水平在P.carterae形成丝状体过程中有重要的作用,氮缺乏和氮限制会明显诱导丝状体的早期大量形成,即细胞快速进入休眠期。磷缺乏和磷限制对颗石藻丝状体形成的短期诱导作用不显著。正常钙化的颗石藻在缺钙环境中钙壳逐渐脱落、细胞裸露、没有种群增殖、不形成丝状体。低温胁迫下,颗石藻细胞不分裂,但细胞维持游泳的钙化单细胞状态,不形成丝状体。外源α-酮戊二酸对颗石藻形成丝状体具有浓度相关的效应,小于1.2mmol/L的浓度抑制丝状体的早期发生;1.2mmol/L及以上浓度的α-酮戊二酸能诱导丝状体早期发生。     

耐久性设计下水土腐蚀性评价体系的一种解决方案

水土腐蚀性评价标准与混凝土结构耐久性设计的防护标准是相互作用,相互影响的。本文通过2个地下水实例,比较了桩基础和地下室底板在不同规范体系下水土腐蚀性评价标准和防护标准的差异。腐蚀环境越严重,混凝土结构耐久性设计差异越大,因此,有必要统一水土腐蚀性评价标准和混凝土结构耐久性设计的防护标准。针对SO42-和CL-腐蚀性评价差异较大的情况,本文给出了干湿交替作用及其强度的定义,提出了一种统一水土腐蚀性评价指标及其分级的建议方案。干湿交替作用是指在固体表面能够形成液相水与气相水交替转换或持续转换的一种现象,干湿交替作用强度定义为固体表面液态水的相对蒸发速率和固体表层饱和度的乘积。     

The institutional implications of environmental ethics for fishery management in the US exclusive economic zone

The public discourse surrounding many fishery management issues suggests that ethical concerns may be an important aspect of these issues for a segment of the American public. Questions have been raised about the capacity of regional fishery management councils created under the Fishery Conservation and Management Act to be adequately responsive to different ethical values. To date, legislative efforts to broaden council membership have been unsuccessful, but pressure for institutional reform is likely to increase with the adoption of an ecosystem approach to fishery management.     

Macrozoobenthic biomass in the Bay of Seine (eastern English Channel)

The benthic biomass values of various trophic groups were studied for the first time at the scale of the entire Bay of Seine (50 × 100 km) in the eastern English Channel. Sampling was carried out before and after the winter of 1999. In both cruises the suspension feeders dominated (66% of the 12 gAFDW m^− 2 in 1998 and 56% of the 10 gAFDW m^− 2 in 1999).The common European ophiuroid Ophiothrix fragilis was the most important contributor to total biomass. The repartition of its patches (sometimes > 20 gAFDW m^− 2) cannot be explained by the environmental parameters recorded (viz., granulometry, organic matter and pigment content).