Interaction of rock and atmosphere: patinas on Mediterranean monuments

 This paper analyzes – chemically, mineralogically, and petrolographically – the patinas developed on several Mediterranean monuments made with different stones (siliceous and carbonatic) in order to establish their origin and their evolution under the present environmental conditions, and to evaluate the environmental parameters controling their development. Most of the patinas show a common sequence of layers, which, from the outer to the inner zone, are: (1) present bioactivity and/or biological remains, (2) gypsum-rich patina, and (3) calcitic brown to orange patina. Each one may exhibit different fabrics (from micritic to stromatolitic) and may be more or less continuous and homogeneous. The main mineral components are calcite and gypsum, but Ca-oxalates and Ca-phosphates have also been found associated to biological structures, as well as quartz and clays. The different fabrics and textures have been interpreted as consequence of changes in the environmental conditions which seem to be related to the biological activity, facilitating the growth of different organisms and leading to the development of a deposit with distinct characteristics (fabric, texture, porosity, etc.). The gypsum-rich patina has been interpreted as a sulphation of the underlying calcitic layer by the action of atmospheric pollutants or as dry or wet deposition from the atmospheric dust. The mineralogy and texture of the patina is independent of the nature of the underlying rock and only in few cases a micritization process has been observed as interaction between patina and rock. Recently, the penetration of endolithic microflora produced drillings and the development of a fissuration system parallel to the surface, and thus the detachment of the crust from the rock and even flackening of the rock itself has been observed. Consequently, under the present climatic conditions in the Mediterranean basin, erosion is a more active process than deposition, and the crusts and patinas show a tendency to disappear from the surface of the monuments. Received: 3 November 1996 · Accepted: 10 September 1997     

煤层气储层钻井过程中的地层损害及保护

钻井施工是造成煤层气储层损害的一个重要环节,针对煤层气储层的特点,分析了煤层损害的机理及特殊性,并简要介绍了保护煤层免受损害的钻井技术。     

有关图腾的几个问题

图腾有原生和演生的差别,中华四夷的原始图腾被搬到天空,对应四象２８宿。由于图腾往往与先民相联系,对祖先的崇拜也与图腾崇拜连在一起甚至混为一体。彝语支民族流传至今的图腾,从黑虎到多种动植物,呈现多样性和复杂性,是图腾演生和多次演生的反映。以彝族、哈尼族为代表的祭山龙,原本与龙图腾无关,而与农耕和环境保护相联系。     

湖北省矿泉水资源及开发利用

矿泉水资源是一种极具开发价值的自然资源。文章通过对湖北省医疗矿泉水和饮用矿泉水资源特点的分析,结合资源分布与开发利用现状,提出了合理开发利用和保护湖北省矿泉水资源的几点建议     

福建旅游业可持续发展与环境保护对策研究

本文从福建旅游业可持续发展的角度,强调了旅游环境保护在当前和未来旅游业发展中的重要性,探讨了旅游环境的概念及有关的环境要素,阐述了旅游环境在景区旅游价值中的地位,具体分析了福建旅游业发展中的环境问题及其严重性,最后针对这些问题提出了建立可持续发展旅游业的环境对策。     

西藏尼洋河地区土地资源的可持续利用与保护

根据西藏尼洋河地区土地资源特征、土地利用特点及存在的问题,提出了区域土地可持续利用的方向、途径和保护措施．     

德阳市水源环境质量评价与保护对策

通过对德阳市城市供水水源质量密切相关的上游地区（主要是石亭江、绵远河流域）水环境质量的调查，较为系统地评价了水源环境质量现状，分析了造成水体污染的主要原因，预测了水质变化趋势，提出了分阶段治理及保护对策。     

重大环境工程地质问题及其典型实例环境保护,减灾对策和灾害损失评价

本文对环境工程地质这的理论问题，重大环境工程地质问题及典型实例，环境保护，减灾对策和灾害损失评价等方面进行了系统的分析，总结，最后，对环境工程地质学的发展提出了４点建议。     

台湾的红树林及其环境意义

本文概述了台湾现代红树林的分布及其与气候，海流，底质等环境条件的关系，并将台湾的红树林与邻区做了对比。中国东南部陆，海域沉积物中红树花粉的分布变化规律在一程度上反映了第四纪以来的环境变迁。