南极典型海洋动物粪氨气挥发过程的实验模拟研究

南极海洋动物粪氨(NH3)的挥发与沉降过程是无冰区苔原生态系统氮素重要来源,对维持苔原生态系统的稳定起着重要作用;但目前对于南极典型海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程仍然很少有研究报道。本文通过室内模拟,研究了低温(4℃左右)与冻融条件下南极帝企鹅粪、阿德利企鹅粪和海豹粪土氨气产生与排放过程及其影响因素,结果表明:帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量最大,变化范围为0.765-17.4mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为6.26mg·kg-1·h-1;阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放通量变化范围为0.652-3.707mg·kg-1·h-1,平均通量约为1.27mg·kg-1·h-1;而海豹粪土氨气排放通量很小,平均通量约0.141mg·kg-1·h-1。冻融过程对帝企鹅粪氨气排放通量影响很大,而对阿德利企鹅粪影响较小。另外,帝企鹅粪和阿德利企鹅粪氨气排放量在通气条件下明显大于封闭条件,表明南极野外大风条件下可能加速海洋动物粪氨的挥发过程。本文模拟的结果对于进一步研究南极生物圈氨的挥发过程及其对南极苔原生态系统氮循环的影响具有重要意义。     

The physics of gas chimney and pockmark formation,with implications for assessment of seafloor hazards and gas sequestration

Pockmarks form where fluids discharge through seafloor sediments rapidly enough to make them quick, and are common where gas is present in near-seafloor sediments. This paper investigates how gas might lead to pockmark formation. The process is envisioned as follows: a capillary seal traps gas beneath a fine-grained sediment layer or layers, perhaps layers whose pores have been reduced in size by hydrate crystallization. Gas accumulates until its pressure is sufficient for gas to invade the seal. The seal then fails completely (a unique aspect of capillary seals), releasing a large fraction of the accumulated gas into an upward-propagating gas chimney, which displaces water like a piston as it rises. Near the seafloor the water flow causes the sediments to become “quick” (i.e., liquefied) in the sense that grain-to-grain contact is lost and the grains are suspended dynamically by the upward flow. The quickened sediment is removed by ocean-bottom currents, and a pockmark is formed. Equations that approximately describe this gas–piston–water-drive show that deformation of the sediments above the chimney and water flow fast enough to quicken the sediments begins when the gas chimney reaches half way from the base of its source gas pocket to the seafloor. For uniform near-surface sediment permeability, this is a buoyancy control, not a permeability control. The rate the gas chimney grows depends on sediment permeability and the ratio of the depth below seafloor of the top of the gas pocket to the thickness of the gas pocket at the time of seal failure. Plausible estimates of these parameters suggest gas chimneys at Blake Ridge could reach the seafloor in less than a decade or more than a century, depending mainly on the permeability of the deforming near-surface sediments. Since these become quick before gas is expelled, gas venting will not provide a useful warning of the seafloor instabilities that are related to pockmark formation. However, detecting gas chimney growth might be a useful risk predictor. Any area underlain by a gas chimney that extends half way or more to the surface should be avoided.     

贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝垂向封闭性演化特征

通过岩心观察和成像测井资料分析,发现贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝较发育,其形成与分布受断裂控制。利用SiO₂或CaCO₃沉淀胶结所需要的镜质体反射率值,对贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝目前垂向封闭性进行了评价。凹陷大部分地区开启,仅在凹陷少部分地区封闭,封闭区在凹陷中部呈环带分布,在凹陷边部呈条带分布。贝尔凹陷布达特群垂直裂缝现今垂向封闭性差于地质历史时期垂向封闭性,油气保存条件变差,造成油气大量散失,这可能是目前贝尔凹陷能在布达特群找到一批油气藏的重要原因之一。     

济阳坳陷阳信-花沟-平南地区CO2气藏的储层和盖层

济阳坳陷是渤海湾盆地的一个次级构造单元,其中部阳信-花沟-平南地区是主要的二氧化碳 (CO₂ )气藏产出区。该地区CO₂ 气藏的储层主要有下古生界海相碳酸盐岩、下第三系湖相碳酸盐岩和三角洲相砂岩、以及上第三系河流相砂岩。下古生界碳酸盐岩储层分布于其北部潜山带,储集空间以构造裂缝和溶蚀孔隙为主。下第三系湖相碳酸盐岩储层分布于平方王地区的沙四和沙一段。下第三系三角洲相砂岩储层主要发育于高青-平南、林樊家和阳信等地的沙河街组。上第三系河流相砂岩储层分布十分广泛,但总体来讲,其北部地层砂泥比 (5 0 %～ 70 % )较高,砂岩单层厚度 (2 0～ 40m)大,孔隙度大,渗透率高;而南部地层砂泥比小,砂岩单层厚度薄,孔隙度小,渗透率低。研究区CO₂ 气藏的盖层以泥质岩类为主,致密砾岩次之。它们均为有效盖层。沙三段、沙一段、馆陶组上部至明化镇组下部泥质岩集中段是CO₂ 气藏最重要的三大区域盖层。沙四段致密砂砾岩盖层主要分布于八里泊残丘潜山的顶部,构成潜山圈团的盖层,其渗透性很低。与烃类甲烷气藏相比,两者的储层类型基本相同,但对于盖层而言,由于CO₂气分子半径较烃类甲烷气分子半径大,因而CO₂ 气藏对盖层的要求比烃类甲烷气藏低。     

The sequential megafaunal collapse hypothesis: Testing with existing data

Springer et al. [Springer, A.M., Estes, J.A., van Vliet, G.B., Williams, T.M., Doak, D.F., Danner, E.M., Forney, K.A., Pfister, B., 2003. Sequential megafaunal collapse in the North Pacific Ocean: an ongoing legacy of industrial whaling? Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 100 (21), 12,223–12,228] hypothesized that great whales were an important prey resource for killer whales, and that the removal of fin and sperm whales by commercial whaling in the region of the Bering Sea/Aleutian Islands (BSAI) in the late 1960s and 1970s led to cascading trophic interactions that caused the sequential decline of populations of harbor seal, northern fur seal, Steller sea lion and northern sea otter. This hypothesis, referred to as the Sequential Megafaunal Collapse (SMC), has stirred considerable interest because of its implication for ecosystem-based management. The SMC has the following assumptions: (1) fin whales and sperm whales were important as prey species in the Bering Sea; (2) the biomass of all large whale species (i.e., North Pacific right, fin, humpback, gray, sperm, minke and bowhead whales) was in decline in the Bering Sea in the 1960s and early 1970s; and (3) pinniped declines in the 1970s and 1980s were sequential. We concluded that the available data are not consistent with the first two assumptions of the SMC. Statistical tests of the timing of the declines do not support the assumption that pinniped declines were sequential. We propose two alternative hypotheses for the declines that are more consistent with the available data. While it is plausible, from energetic arguments, for predation by killer whales to have been an important factor in the declines of one or more of the three populations of pinnipeds and the sea otter population in the BSAI region over the last 30 years, we hypothesize that the declines in pinniped populations in the BSAI can best be understood by invoking a multiple factor hypothesis that includes both bottom–up forcing (as indicated by evidence of nutritional stress in the western Steller sea lion population) and top–down forcing (e.g., predation by killer whales, mortality incidental to commercial fishing, directed harvests). Our second hypothesis is a modification of the top–down forcing mechanism (i.e., killer whale predation on one or more of the pinniped populations and the sea otter population is mediated via the recovery of the eastern North Pacific population of the gray whale). We remain skeptical about the proposed link between commercial whaling on fin and sperm whales, which ended in the mid-1960s, and the observed decline of populations of northern fur seal, harbor seal, and Steller sea lion some 15 years later.     

辽东湾斑海豹历史种群数量的估计

辽东湾斑海豹(Phoca largha)在本世纪里由于过度捕杀,种群数量下降比较严重。本文利用1930～1990年的捕获统计数据,对1930年以来辽东湾斑海豹的种群数量变化进行了估计。该种群在30年代初有7100头,并于1940年达到最高峰8137头,40～70年代末,由于过度捕杀,种群数量几度下降,1979年只有2269头(以上结果依据R=0.09413的种群更替率算得)。经1979～1982年徘徊以后,该种群数量迅速回升,并达到50年代末期的水平。根据0.09413,0.1163的种群更替率,对生殖力及特定年龄的死亡率进行估计。结果表明,在高比例的雌性生殖力情况下,辽东湾斑海豹幼体死亡率低于52％,成体死亡率低于16％。