Crusting effects on erosion processes under simulated rainfall on a tropical Alfisol

Sealing and crusting of soil surfaces have dramatic effects on water infiltration into and runoff from soils, thereby greatly influencing erosion processes. This study focused on the effect of the initial stage of crusting on inter-rill erosion processes for a crust-prone Alfisol sampled from south-central India. Soil aggregates ranging from 2·4 to 8 mm collected from ploughed (PL) and naturally vegetated (NV) treatments were subjected to rainfall simulation under laboratory conditions. Runoff from PL soil aggregates was 2–2·5 times higher, while percolation was 20–100% lower, than for NV aggregates. Soil wash and splash losses were 0·5–3 times greater for PL than for NV soil. Runoff and inter-rill erosion were significantly higher during the wet simulation run compared with the dry run. The results indicated that NV soil aggregates were more resistant to breakdown from raindrop impact and slaking, and subject to less rapid sealing, than PL soil. Total soil loss was influenced most by initial aggregate stability and the extent of seal development. Splash and wash losses of soil both increased as a result of surface sealing regardless of soil condition for short (30–60 min) rainfall durations. High drying rates resulted in the highest crust bulk densities. Increased crust strength for PL soil compared with NV soil reflected the greater susceptibility of cultivated soil to surface sealing and crusting. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

塔里木盆地乌什凹陷白垩系冲积扇—扇三角洲沉积相及有利储盖组合

通过对乌什凹陷南缘坳陷乌参1井及北缘露头剖面地详细观察,结合测井曲线形态和地震剖面综合分析,乌什凹陷北部和南部由于受构造条件、古气候和物源的影响,发育了截然不同的沉积相类型,北缘露头区以滨浅湖相沉积为主,南部坳陷区则发育了典型的冲积扇—扇三角洲粗粒沉积相。这套沉积碎屑岩颗粒粒度悬殊且不连续,砾岩和砂岩间常显示粒度不连续的现象,剖面中巨厚层砾岩常与中厚层细砂岩、粉砂岩、泥岩沉积层直接接触,无过渡性粒级存在。造成这种现象的主要原因是由于北缘露头区处于相对稳定的构造条件及较远的物源条件,而南缘坳陷区由于靠近温宿凸起物源并受断裂控制。乌什凹陷发育两套较好的储盖组合,分别是亚格列木组—舒善河组中下部砂砾岩与舒善河组泥岩、含膏泥岩和巴什基奇克组—库姆格列木群底砂砾岩与库姆格列木群盐层、含膏泥岩。乌参1井已在第一套储盖组合中的舒善河组中下部的扇三角洲砂体中获得重大发现,这些砂体为扇三角洲前缘的砂坝、辫状河水道充填可形成较好的储层。第二套储盖组合中巴西盖组和巴什基奇克组的砂体分布广泛,岩性较致密;储层厚度较大,纵向发育集中,但物性较差,总体上属于一套中等储盖组合,预测离物源区一定距离应分布有优质储集相带。      

南极无冰区生态与环境变化在粪土层中的记录

极地海鸟、海兽等生物排泄物的堆积层和含粪的沉积层是进行极地生态地质学研究的良好载体。从生物粪土沉积层中恢复出的企鹅、海豹数量变化记录表明,历史时期南极企鹅、海豹种群数量出现过显著的波动。在新冰期时企鹅数量锐减,气候过冷或过暖都不利于它们的生存,南极海豹数量变化也受到气候变化、海冰条件和取食行为的控制。另外,南极海豹毛和生物粪土层中还保存了过去几千年人类文明的历史信息,汞（Hg）含量的波动与人类冶金文明的盛衰存在明显的响应关系。     

Transfer of lipids from plankton to blubber of harp and hooded seals off East Greenland

Sub-Arctic marine ecosystems are some of the most productive ecosystems in the world's oceans. The capacity of herbivorous zooplankton, such as Calanus, to biosynthesize and store large amounts of lipids during the short and intense spring bloom is a fundamental adaptation which facilitates the large production in these ecosystems. These energy-rich lipids are rapidly transferred through the food chain to Arctic seals. The fatty acids and stable isotopes from harp seal (Phoca groenlandica) and hooded seal (Cystophora cristata) off East Greenland as well as their potential prey, were analysed. The results were used to describe the lipid dynamics and energy transfer in parts of the East Greenland ecosystem. Even if the two seal species showed considerable overlap in diet and occurred at relatively similar trophic levels, the fatty acid profiles indicated that the bases of the food chains of harp and hooded seals were different. The fatty acids of harp seals originate from diatom-based food chain, whereas the fatty acids of hooded seals originate from dinoflagellate and the prymnesiophyte Phaeocystis pouchetii-based food chain. Stable isotope analyses showed that both species are true carnivores on the top of their food chains, with hooded seal being slightly higher on the food chain than harp seal.     

Addressing multiple goals of ecosystem approach through deliberation and technology development

This paper studies two participatory processes to manage the interactions between seals and coastal fishing in Finland. One was a deliberative multi-stakeholder process, in which the stakeholders in a region approached the problem solving by joint problem definition. The other process was a technology development project to reduce the damage by seals and seal by-catch. This paper discusses the contribution of the processes to maintain economic viability of the coastal fishery without jeopardising the conservation of seals. It concludes that both processes address important aspects of maintaining a dynamic stability in a socio-ecological system of coastal fishing, but a combination of the approaches would better allow dealing with the problem's political aspects and fishing practices that are intertwined in various ways.     

双通道水龙头设计使用中的几个问题

简要介绍了双通道水龙头设计和使用中遇到的问题及相应的解决办法。     

中国石油战略选区重点目标油气地质条件分析及勘探建议

首先,分析了中国石油天然气股份有限公司优选出的3个战略选区重点目标,即河套盆地、塔里木东南坳陷和羌塘盆地的油气资源条件,认为这3个目标都具有资源量大、资源丰度较高的特点,具有开展战略选区的油气资源基础。其次,论述了3个目标的储盖组合和油气显示情况,指出每个地区虽然具有不同的特点,但都具有基本的油气成藏条件和较好的勘探前景。最后,在分析3个目标存在的主要问题的基础上,提出了相应的勘探工作建议。     

断层侧向封闭性及对断圈油水关系的控制

张性正断层断裂带内部结构具有二分性:即断层核和破碎带,断层核由多个滑动面和不同类型的断层岩组成,其渗透性取决于带内泥质含量所决定的断层岩的类型,破碎带表现为高密度裂缝切割围岩,总体表现为高渗透的特征,因此,断裂带渗透能力取决于断层核与破碎带相对发育程度,侧向封闭能力主要取决于断裂带中泥质含量.存在5种侧向封闭类型:即对...     

东北地区深层侏罗系火山—沉积序列与储盖组合及勘探意义——以海拉尔盆地侏罗系为例

为揭示东北地区侏罗系火山—沉积序列与储盖组合等地质特征,进一步评价深层油气勘探潜力,本文基于勘探现状,利用露头调查、钻测井对比、岩芯观察、结合地震解释等方法,分析了东北地区侏罗纪盆地构造背景,认为早—中侏罗世和晚侏罗世具有不同的构造环境和盆地性质。早—中侏罗世为受控于蒙古-额霍茨克造山作用的挤压型断陷-坳陷盆地,受到了后期构造的强烈改造。晚侏罗世为陆内伸展环境下与火山活动相关的火山断陷盆地。东北地区晚侏罗世火山活动频繁,形成广泛分布的火山—沉积序列。海拉尔盆地晚侏罗世塔木兰沟组发育典型火山—沉积序列,以火山岩与沉积岩的互层为特征,表现为砂泥岩—中酸性火山岩—砂泥岩—中基性火山岩序列。岩石组合在不同凹陷单元差异性较大,中部凹陷带以火山岩和砂泥岩为主,外围凹陷以火山岩和砂砾岩为主。火山—沉积序列的岩性复杂,储层岩石类型多样,主要有"火山岩、火山碎屑岩、砂砾岩"3类岩性储层,储层物性普遍较低,总体属于中低孔极低渗储层-致密储层。依据火山—沉积序列的不同岩石组合及油气显示情况,可识别出砂泥岩或砂灰泥岩储盖组合、火山岩内幕储盖组合、火山岩-沉积岩复合岩类储盖组合、基岩风化壳储盖组合等四大类九小类...     

倾斜裂缝垂向封闭性演化特征研究——以海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷布达特群为例

岩心观察和成像测井资料分析,发现海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷布达特群断裂伴生和派生的裂缝以倾斜裂缝为主,其形成与分布主要受区域构造演化控制,3期不同特征的构造裂缝反映了区域构造应力场经历了挤压、剪切和伸展3大阶段。利用裂缝面压力和泥岩塑性变形极限,对贝尔凹陷布达特群倾斜裂缝目前的垂向封闭性进行了评价,结果是:不同角度的倾斜裂缝在凹陷中部均是封闭的,仅在凹陷西北和东南边部开启,且随裂缝倾角增大,开启区面积增大。通过布达特群倾斜裂缝古裂缝面压力的恢复,对其垂向封闭性演化特征进行了研究,认为不同角度倾斜裂缝垂向开启区从伊敏组沉积末期至今逐渐减小。目前已发现的油气藏表明倾斜裂缝不是主要的储集空间,凹陷周边(缘)地区才是倾斜裂缝储集油气的有利地区。