VARIATIONS IN THE TELECONNECTION INTENSITY INDICES AND THEIR REMOTE RESPONSE TO THE EL NINO EVENTS IN THE NORTHERN HEMISPHERE*

In this study,the monthly and seasonal teleconnection intensity indices of the Pacific/North American(PNA),Western Atlantic(WA),Western Pacific(WP),Eastern Atlantic(EA) and Eurasian(EU) patterns for the period from 1951 through 1990 are calculated.On this basis,their climatic variations and the relationship between the five teleconnection intensity indices and the El Nino events are examined.It is noted that when El Nino is at its mature stage(winter),the weak WP pattern is mainly characteristic of the circulation and the strong PNA pattern is the next.In summer when El Nino occurs and develops,the strong EU,weak WP and weak WA patterns are the main characteristics without the PNA circulation anomalies.Finally,by the nonlinear mapping method a nonlinear mapping diagram is established for diagnosing El Nino using three summer teleeonuection intensity indices and May and August Southern Oscillation Indices(SOIs).Thus,the El Nino phenomenon occurring in 1991 is diagnosed.Besides,the winter atmospheric circulation of the 1991/1992 El Nino is found to be the weak WP pattern and the PNA pattern is also weak.     

1986/1987厄尔尼诺期间的西风强化和海气相互作用过程分析

本文利用欧洲中期数值天气预报中心(ECMWF)西北太平洋上空(25°—35°N,110°—180°)850 hPa客观分析的西风分量,计算了1986/1987厄尔尼诺期间的西风强度.结果表明1986年12月—1987年5月西风的累计强度比1986/1987厄尔尼诺前后诸年份同期的西风更强,这种强化与历次厄尔尼诺期间西北太平洋副热带高压的加强是一致的,都反映了哈德莱环流的强化.为了探讨大气环流发生这种变化的原因,作者利用中美海气观测期间的海洋资料,说明了热带两太平洋东部对低纬度大气异常的加热和西部边界流向中纬度海洋输送热量的减少是两个十分重要的原因.     

Heavy Metal Load of Sediments of the River Gurk (Carinthia/Austria) — Merits and Limitations of Sequential Leaching Schwermetallbelastung des Sediments der Gurk in Kärnten — Vorzüge und Einschränkungen sequentieller Löseverfahren

By means of the analysis of sediments cored in the small river Gurk (Carinthia/Austria), the input of Ag, Cd, Ce, Cr, Hg, La, Mo, Ni, V, and W from a chemical industrial plant could be detected. To estimate the actual load, and to obtain data for comparison with other sites, both unsieved fine sediments and sediments sieved to 20 μm were investigated from the same cores. Environmental mobilities of toxic heavy metals (Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Zn) have been shown by sequential leaching following Tessier/Förstner. In the last step, HNO₃ leaches a purely geogenic fraction, which is fairly constant along the investigated river. Whereas the additional Cr from the input of the chemical plant is mainly found in the oxalate-leachable fraction, short-time-load to unpolluted sediments in the laboratory is found mainly in hydroxylamine/acetic acid. Both is due to the high affinity of Cr to Fe- and Mn-oxides. Adsorption/desorption experiments reveal that the low carbonate content of the Gurk sediments increases the importance of Fe/Mn-oxides for the sorption of Cr compared to other samples containing carbonate. The Ni-load was primarily found in weak-acid-leachable and oxalate-leachable fractions. Similarly, the oxalate-leachable fraction is dominant for adsorption of other metals and phosphorus. Other interelement relationships among the amounts leached, which are attributable partly to carbonate-, silicate-, organic or coating phases, have been found by means of factor analyses together with marker fractions for each type.     

NON-LINEAR CRITICAL LAYER IN EL NINO AND LA NINA YEARS AND FORMATION, MAINTENTENANCE AND OSCILLATION OF THE SUBTROPICAL HIGH

Monthly mean zonal wind data from the European Center for Medium-range Weather Forecasting(ECMWF)for December 1982, April 1983, October 1984 and ApriI 1985 are used in numerical integration as thebasic flow in a non-linear critical-layer model. The subtropical high is extensive and limited in number if simulated with the basic now in December 1982 and April 1983. It consists of 2 to 3 cells that move westward at alloscillatory periods of 1～2 months. The subtropical high, simulated with the basic flow in October 1984 and April1 985. is weak and small in coverage, or distributed in strips that contain up to 4 cells. The high. merged or spillover a short time. is moving westward. The years 1982 ～1983 are a process of EI Niño while the years 1984-1985one of La Niña. lt is known from the chart of energy flux that it oscillates by a much larger amplitude and longerperiod in the EI Niño year than in the La Niña year. All the results above have indicated that the basic flow in the EI Niño year is enhancing the subtropical high lagging by about 4 months and that in the La Niña year is decay'ing it. It is consiStent with the well-known observational fact that the SSTA in the equatorial eastern Pacitlc ispositively correlated with the extent and intensity of the subtropical high in west Pacific lagging by 1～2 seasons.The result is also important for further study of the formation, maintenance and oscillation of the subtropicalhigh.     

TYPHOON ACTIVITY IN NORTHWEST PACIFIC IN RELATION WITH EL NINO AND LA NINA EVENTS

Statistic and typical-year composition methods are used to study the northwest Pacific typhoon activities in relation with the EI Niño and La Niña events. The result indicates that the typhoon tends to be inactive in the EI Niño years and active in the La Niña years and it is also dependent on the onset and ending time and intensity of the events and areas of genesis of typhoons. With statistic features of the frequency of typhoon activity in the EI Niño and La Niña years and the time-lag correlation between the frequency and sea surface temperature(SST), useful information is provided for the prediction of typhoon occurrence. In addition, the singular values disassemble(SVD)method is applied to study the correlation between the geopotential field and SST field. The result shows that the air-sea coupling in the EI Niño years is unfavorable for the typhoon to develop. Which take place with a smaller number. Opposite situations are found with the La Niña years.     

Impact of El Nio on Large-scale Circulation of Southeast Asian Summer Monsoon

ＩＮＴＲＯＤＵＣＴＩＯＮＴａｏａｎｄＣｈｅｎ (1 987)ｗｅｒｅｔｈｅｆｉｒｓｔｔｏｐｏｉｎｔｏｕｔｔｈａｔｔｈｅＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎｉｓｃｏｍｐｒｉｓｅｄｏｆｔｗｏｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ:ＥａｓｔＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ (ＥＡＳＭ )ａｎｄＳｏｕｔｈＡｓｉａｎｓｕｍｍｅｒｍｏｎｓｏｏｎ (ＳＡＳＭ) .Ｔｈｅｙａｒｅｄｉｓｔｉｎｃｔｌｙｄｉｆｆｅｒｅｎｔｆｒｏｍｅａｃｈｏｔｈｅｒｉｎｂｏｔｈｌａｒｇｅ ｓｃａｌｅｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄｃｏｎｓｔｉｔｕｅｎｔｓｕｂｓｙｓｔｅｍｓ.Ｔｈｅｒ…     

A ∼6100 14C yr record of El Niño activity from the Galápagos Islands

Lithostratigrahic and mineralogic analyses of sediments from hypersaline Bainbridge Crater Lake, Galápagos Islands, provide evidence of past El Niño frequency and intensity. Laminated sediments indicate that at least 435 moderate to very strong El Niño events have occurred since 6100 ¹⁴C yr BP (7130 cal yr BP), and that frequency and intensity of events increased at about 3000 ¹⁴C yr BP (3100 cal yr BP). El Niño activity was present between 6100 and 4000 ¹⁴C yr BP (4600 cal yr BP) but infrequent. The Bainbridge record indicates that there has been considerable millennial-scale variability in El Niño since the mid-Holocene.     

Ice flow direction during late Paleozoic glaciation in western Paraná Basin, Brazil

The recent discovery of ice-striated surfaces associated with the late Paleozoic Aquidauana Formation suggests that glaciers coming from southwest Africa reached westernmost parts of the Paraná Basin in central Brazil. Abrasion features were developed by glaciers moving from SSE towards NNW, mainly on an unconsolidated bed. These records expand to about 1,050,000 km², the coverage of the late Paleozoic glaciation in the region of the Paraná Basin in Western Gondwana.

Resumen

A recente descoberta de superfícies estriadas associadas à Formação Aquidauana, de idade permocarbonífera, sugere que as geleiras provenientes do sudoeste da África alcançaram as porções ocidentais da Bacia do Paraná, na região central do Brasil. As feições de abrasão foram geradas pelo deslocamento de geleiras de SSE para NNW, principalmente sobre substrato inconsolidado. Estes novos registros evidenciam que a glaciação neopaleozóica cobriu uma área de pelo menos de 1.050.000 km² na região ocupada pela Bacia do Paraná no Gondwana Ocidental.     

Conceptual model about the interaction between El Ni(n)o/ Southern Oscillation and Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific

Interaction between the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation in far west equatorial Pacific (QBOWP) and the El Nino/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is studied using a new conceptual model. In this conceptual model, the QBOWP effects on ENSO are achieved through two ways: (1) the oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific, and (2) the Atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly, while ENSO effects on QBOWP can be accomplished by the atmospheric Walker Circulation anomaly. Diagnosis analysis of the model results shows that the Atmospheric bridge (Walker circulation) plays a more important role in interaction between the ENSO and QBOWP than the oceanic bridge (oceanic Kelvin wave along equatorial Pacific); It is found that by the interaction of the ENSO and QBOWP, a free ENSO oscillation with 3-5 years period could be substituted by a oscillation with the quasi-biennial period, and the dominant period of SST anomaly and wind anomaly in the far west equatorial Pacific tends to be prolonged with enhanced ENSO forcing. Generally, the multi-period variability in the coupled Atmosphere-Ocean System in the Tropical Pacific can be achieved through the interaction between ENSO and QBOWP.     

云南雨季逐候降水量的低频振荡特征

应用主分量方法分析了云南省84站1991~2000年雨季(5~10月)逐候降水量的主要时空特征,并用非整波技术分析了所提取的第1、第2主分量频谱分布的低频振荡特点,同时分析了低频振荡现象与El Nino(La Nina)事件及云南雨季降水多、少之间的关系。结果表明:①云南地区雨季降水主要低频振荡周期为6候(30天)、10候(50天)的月际振荡和15~17候(75~85天)的季节内振荡;②云南雨季的候降水每年都存在30天振荡周期,30天振荡是云南雨季固有的振荡;③当发生El Nino或La Nina异常气候事件时,云南雨季的候降水存在50天振荡周期;④当云南雨季存在75~85天振荡时,云南主汛期(6~8月)降水距平百分率为正(除2000年为零距平);当云南雨季不存在75~85天振荡时,云南主汛期降水距平百分率为负。