Computed X-ray Tomography Investigation of Porosity and Permeability of the Liujiagou Formation Sandstone Exposed to CO2-Saturated Brine

In order to improve CO2 capture, utilization and storage (CCUS) to solve carbon emission, sandstone from the Triassic Liujiagou Formation (LF) from the Ordos Basin in China was investigated using permeability tests and computed X-ray tomography (CT) scanning. The presence of reactive minerals within the geological CO2 sequestration target storage formation can allow reaction with injected CO2, which changes the porosity and permeability of the LF beds, affecting storage effectiveness. To investigate the effect of chemical reactions on the pore structure and permeability of sandstone cores representing the LF CO2 storage, tests were conducted to analyze the changes in porosity and permeability of sandstone cores induced by CO2-saturated brine at different reaction times (28-day maximum reaction period). Porosity and permeability of the sandstone increased after reaction with CO2-saturated brine due to mineral dissolution. The sandstone exhibited an increase in porosity and permeability after 15 days of reaction with CO2-saturated brine. Moreover, there was an increase in the volume of large pores in the sandstone after the 28-day period. The pore network of the sandstone was established through CT results, and the porosity calculated based on the obtained pore network was close to that measured in the test, demonstrating the feasibility to use CT to study the evolution of the microstructure of sandstone after long-time exposure to CO2-saturated brine.     

Deformation of ductile cuttings from sandstone in compaction process and experimental study of influence on porosity

Deformation of ductile cuttings from sandstone in the mechanical compaction process was designed through the "experimental system of triaxial rock deformation",and the influence on porosity was studied by looking into the deformation characteristics of ductile cuttings. The design indexes are as follows: simulated depth 0- 4 000 m,interval depth 500 m,and pressure range 0- 120 MPa at interval of 1. 5 MPa. The experimental results show that the porosity decreases as buried depth increases,indicating a negative relationship between them. The amount of compression was mainly obtained by porosity reduction and cutting deformation. Deformation of ductile cuttings is mainly ductile deformation; and deformation of crystal fragments is mainly expressed as brittle fracture,resulting in decrease of particle size. The research is of certain value for the exploration and development of oil and gas.     

不同成因类型致密砂岩气成藏过程及机理研究进展

根据前人大量的研究成果,总结了致密砂岩气成藏过程和机理的研究进展。根据成因将其分为致密常规、致密深盆和致密复合砂岩气藏。致密深盆气和常规致密气成藏过程分别为:储层致密化→气体充注→聚集成藏、烃源岩生排烃→运聚成藏→储层致密化→构造改善。而致密常规和深盆砂岩气在构造叠合作用下则形成致密复合砂岩气藏。常规油气藏的背斜、断层、水动力等封闭机理适用于常规致密砂岩气藏。致密深盆砂岩气成藏机理包括水体封闭、上浮受阻、侧向断层-垂向页岩封闭、地层-成岩作用复合封闭、动态平衡圈闭和驱动压差等成藏封闭机理。其中,学者们较为公认的是动态平衡封闭机理。这种机理实质上为力学平衡与物质平衡共同作用下的动态圈闭系统,但仍存在某些方面的不确定性。所以为了更清晰地认识与研究不同地区致密砂岩气成藏机制,结合实际地质演化的特殊性进行综合判断将为其勘探开发提供一定的理论依据与指导。     

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷文昌组砂岩孔隙定量演化模式--以HZ-A地区辫状河三角洲储层为例

珠江口盆地惠州凹陷HZ-A地区文昌组沉积一套重要的辫状河三角洲相的砂岩储层,现今埋深超过3 500 m.基于岩石薄片、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜及储层物性等资料,对HZ-A地区文昌组砂岩储层特征、成岩作用和孔隙度演化进行了详细研究,采用孔隙度参数演化的定量分析方法,建立了储层孔隙度定量演化模式.研究表明,文昌组储层岩石类型以岩屑砂岩为主,成分成熟度和结构成熟低;储集层目前正处于中成岩A2阶段,先后经历了压实、早期胶结、溶蚀作用和晚期胶结作用.强烈的机械压实及晚期胶结作用对物性破坏性最大,酸性溶蚀是改善储层物性的唯一成岩因素.储层初始孔隙度约35.1%,持续性的埋藏压实导致原生孔隙减少15.4%,早期胶结减少孔隙3.4%,之后酸性流体进入发生溶蚀增孔7.2%,晚期胶结作用损失孔隙度11.5%,其中以黏土胶结和碳酸盐胶结为主,结果形成低孔低渗储层.     

承压井含水层孔隙度与固体骨架和水的体积压缩系数之间的关系

孔隙度和岩石压缩系数等方面的研究在评价油藏弹性产能和动态地质储量方面有重要的应用价值.结合国家地震前兆台网中心数据库8口井的数字化水位资料等, 研究了承压井含水层介质在不排水状态下的孔隙度、固体骨架的体积压缩系数和含水层内水的体积压缩系数.结果表明, 孔隙度与固体骨架的体积压缩系数和含水层内水的体积压缩系数间存在幂函数关系.在第1象限内, 各井含水层介质固体骨架的体积压缩系数随着孔隙度的增大而增大; 含水层内水的体积压缩系数随着孔隙度的增大而减小.固体骨架和含水层内水的体积压缩系数间满足一元二次多项式关系, 且含水层内水的体积压缩系数要比固体骨架的体积压缩系数大, 水更易压缩.另外, 灰岩骨架的压缩系数相对小于砂岩骨架的压缩系数.      

下扬子黄桥地区二叠系龙潭组储层特征及成岩演化模式

借助大量岩石薄片和铸体薄片鉴定以及扫描电镜观察等手段,对黄桥地区二叠系龙潭组进行储层特征分析,认为该区岩石成分成熟度较低,结构成熟度中等。该区储层的储集物性主要受沉积作用和成岩作用的共同影响。研究区储层碎屑岩的矿物粒度、分选性和磨圆度等因素直接导致了研究区储层的低孔渗值。成岩作用中的压实和胶结作用使储层原生孔隙迅速减少、渗透率降低,而溶蚀作用则是导致次生孔隙发育及改善砂岩储集性能的主要因素。黄桥地区龙潭组储集层主要处于中成岩B期阶段,决定了该区溶蚀型次生孔隙较为发育。结合成岩作用特征和研究区成岩演化模式,认为中成岩阶段A期晚期（白垩纪晚期）是研究区油气藏形成的最佳时期     

Unsaturated resilient behavior of a natural compacted sand

Granular materials are generally used in unbound layers of road pavement structures. The mechanical behavior of these materials is widely studied with repeated load triaxial tests (RLTT) in which the elastic response is defined as the resilient behavior. Usually observed under total stress conditions, the effect of pore pressure changes during loading are not usually included in design. Further, the unbound layers frequently exist under partially saturated conditions. The influence of the unsaturated state, i.e., the suction, on the mechanical behavior, of unbound granular materials for roads has not been sufficiently studied and is generally not taken into account in models used for these materials.     

川西中侏罗统致密砂岩次生孔隙成因分析

基于岩石学观察,运用铸体薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、矿物烃类包裹体成分分析,结合储层特征,研究了川西中侏罗统致密砂岩次生孔隙的形成机制。结果表明,川西中侏罗统为典型的无生烃能力的红色碎屑岩地层,上沙溪庙组砂岩气藏气源主要来自纵向上距该气藏约1000~3000m的下伏上三叠统须家河组含煤层系,储层平均孔隙度9.6%,平均渗透率0.177×10^-3μm²,为远源致密砂岩气藏。次生溶蚀孔隙对储层总面孔率的贡献达60%,其对砂岩面孔率的贡献大于原生孔隙。砂岩中沥青的分布及高岭石的分布、地层水的证据以及次生矿物烃类包体成分等表明,次生孔隙主要由有机酸对长石溶蚀形成,有机酸主要有3种来源,一是下伏须家河组烃源层生烃过程中排出的有机酸沿断裂和裂缝向上运移进入上沙溪庙组,二是从须家河组运移上来的烃类与上沙溪庙组储层中的氧化剂反应生成的有机酸,三是上沙溪庙组泥岩脱水形成的有机酸。其中以前两种有机酸形成的溶蚀孔隙最为重要,而第三种来源的有机酸由于其形成的孔隙少且保存下来的很少,对储层的意义不大。区域流体势、断裂和裂缝的发育都为下伏上三叠统须家河组有机酸进入上沙溪庙组储层提供了有利条件。控制次生孔隙形成和分布的主要地质因素是砂岩中受物源控制的易溶组分含量、沉积相、储层所处的古构造位置以及断裂、裂缝的发育情况。     

Reservoir diagenesis and porosity evolution of Leikoupo Formation in Zhongba gas field of Sichuan Basin

四川盆地西北部中坝气田中三叠统雷口坡组颗粒型白云岩和晶粒型白云岩储层的成岩演化过程复杂,各种成岩作用发育,储层质量的好坏受成岩作用影响明显。储层内部鸟眼孔、生物体腔孔、晶间孔和粒间孔等原生孔隙在经过压实压溶作用、多期方解石、白云石和石膏等胶结作用后基本消失。表生期和埋藏期的溶蚀作用决定了粒间溶孔、粒内溶孔、藻黏结“格架”溶孔和晶间溶孔等次生孔隙的形成。而多期白云石、石英和碎屑物质的胶结和充填作用又导致这些次生孔隙大幅缩小,局部消失,最终在构造破裂作用的影响下,成为现今该层段的主要储集空间。     

特察模型在孔隙性岩石中应用的局限性浅析

地层压实过程中的静力平衡涉及到异常地层压力的形成和地层压力的计算方法。本文认为经典的特察模型不利于表达孔隙性岩石中微观的静力平衡;有效应力并非与孔隙度有直接对应关系;颗粒应力是岩石骨架中传递的真正应力,而且在纵向上颗粒应力变化比较复杂。这些结论影响到地层压力计算模型中的一些基本假设条件。