Investigation of strategies to improve the recycling effectiveness of waste oil from fishing vessels

The marine ecological environment and fishery resources can be severely polluted or destroyed by waste oil from fishing vessels if they are emitted directly into the ocean without any proper pre-treatment process. International conventions such as MARPOL 73/78 regulate waste-oil emissions and require the installation of a waste oil–water separator only for ocean-going ships of over 400 gross tons. Hence, these international conventions are not applicable to most fishing ships due to their low gross tonnages. In addition, space on most fishing vessels is too limited to allow waste-oil storage tanks or a waste oil-water separator to comply with international maritime regulations. Because a significant amount of waste oil is produced by fishing vessels around the world every day, effective strategies or measures are needed to prevent this waste oil from polluting the marine environment. This study thus investigates strategies and measures for improving the effectiveness of waste-oil collection from fishing vessels. This study found that existing procedures for the collection and treatment of waste lubricating oil on land could be applied to the management of waste oil and bilge water from fishing vessels. Sufficient oil–water separators and storage facilities for the collection of waste oil should be placed at each fishing port and shipyard. Fishermen should then be required to deliver their waste oil to these storage facilities, from where it can be transported to legal recycling companies for further treatment. In addition, fishing harbor authorities should bear definitive responsibility for monitoring the illegal dumping of waste oil and for checking the waste-oil record books of fishing vessels. Each maritime country should enforce relevant laws and regulations to reduce the emission of waste oil from fishing vessels into the ocean.     

A Qualitative and Quantitative Study of the Marine Algae in the Saronikos Gulf (Greece)

Abstract. One hundred ninety-seven macroalgal taxa, belonging to four classes, were identified at seven characteristic stations of the Saronikos Gulf.
Species diversity was higher in cleaner waters. From the outer to the inner section, the number of species and the coverage increased in Bryopsidophyceae and decreased in Phaeophyceae and Rhodophyceae.     

黑潮海域海洋异常加热与北半球大气环流的相互作用

根据黑潮海域海洋异常加热资料（１９５０－１９７９年），计算其与北半球大气环流相关，揭示二者相互作用事实，讨论其可能的物理过程，结果指出，黑潮海域海洋异常加热具有范围广，持续时间长，量级大等特点，在长期天气变化中占有重要的地位，冬半年海所相互作用为一正反馈过程，当亚洲大陆冷空气强时，海洋异常多加热，东亚大槽加深，后者又导致冷空气进一进加强；夏半年黑潮海域海洋异常加热主要受青藏高原热力状况制约。     

Geochemical and textural properties of carbonate and terrigenous sediments along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba

The physicochemical properties of 21 marine sediment samples were investigated, collected from five different localities along the Jordanian coast of the Gulf of Aqaba. According to the chemical parameters, sediments were categorized into three groups: carbonate (80% CaCO₃), composed mainly of materials of calcareous skeletal structures; terrigenous (<10% CaCO₃) depositional areas for land-derived materials from surrounding rocks and alluviums; and a admixture of the first two (19–37% CaCO₃). High significant linear correlations were found between organic carbon (OC) and total nitrogen (TN), indicating the occurrence of these components in a common phase (organic matter). Despite the co-occurrence of TP in organic matter, these two elements were negatively correlated, indicating anthropogenic sources of pollution such as phosphate exportation (hotel areas and clinker port sites) and industrial activities (industrial complex site). The study found that variations in texture properties and mud contents were due to differences in sediment sources, topography and their response during currents and waves. The finer, well-sorted sediments contain lower elemental concentrations of OC, calcium carbonate and TN (excluding TP) than coarser, poorly-sorted sediments.     

The effects of sodium sulfate on the emissions characteristics of an emulsified marine diesel oil-fired furnace

Degraded diesel oils are commonly used in marine power plants to conform to the demands of shipowners for fuel economy. The burning of these marine fuel oils, which frequently contain various extents of oxides of iron, silicon, calcium, vanadium and potassium, such as Na₂SO₄, Fe₂O₃, SiO₂, CaO, V₂O₅, etc., are susceptible to form much more complex compounds of either gaseous or solid phases. The release of these emissions to the environment may cause atmospheric pollution and a health hazard to human beings. Emulsification of a fuel oil with water to produce a micro-water-particles-dispersed-in-oil (W/O) emulsion has been considered as one of the promising techniques to improve combustion characteristics of low-grade marine oils and in turn effectively help to reduce the release of air pollutants. Marine fuel oil A, which approximates ASTM No. 2D oil was used as the test oil and the surfactant Span 80 was used to promote the affinity and integrating force between the components of the emulsion. An emulsifying/homogenizing machine was employed to stir the emulsion mixture of the marine oil, distilled water, surfactant Span 80 and sodium sulfate (Na₂SO₄) powder of 300 ppm. The mechanically blended emulsion mixture was injected, atomized and burned in an oil-fired furnace using an automatic burner. Burning gas composition, burning efficiency and gas temperature were measured and analyzed. Compared to neat marine diesel oil, W/O emulsions had higher combustion efficiencies, higher concentrations of O₂ and SO₂, while gas temperatures were lowered and CO and NO_x production was reduced. The addition of sodium sulfate decreased combustion efficiency and NO_x concentration and increased O₂, CO, and SO₂ concentrations.     

黄海大海洋生态系污染/环境特征及其生态效应的监测和研究

本文对黄海大海洋生态系(LME)的污染/环境特征及其生态效应的监测和研究现状进行了综述,从大系统的角度指出了已知的和未知的关键环节;提出了黄海大海洋生态系污染/环境及其生态效应的监测和研究方案,强调了应着重和优先研究的方面。     

Towards end-to-end models for investigating the effects of climate and fishing in marine ecosystems

End-to-end models that represent ecosystem components from primary producers to top predators, linked through trophic interactions and affected by the abiotic environment, are expected to provide valuable tools for assessing the effects of climate change and fishing on ecosystem dynamics. Here, we review the main process-based approaches used for marine ecosystem modelling, focusing on the extent of the food web modelled, the forcing factors considered, the trophic processes represented, as well as the potential use and further development of the models. We consider models of a subset of the food web, models which represent the first attempts to couple low and high trophic levels, integrated models of the whole ecosystem, and size spectrum models. Comparisons within and among these groups of models highlight the preferential use of functional groups at low trophic levels and species at higher trophic levels and the different ways in which the models account for abiotic processes. The model comparisons also highlight the importance of choosing an appropriate spatial dimension for representing organism dynamics. Many of the reviewed models could be extended by adding components and by ensuring that the full life cycles of species components are represented, but end-to-end models should provide full coverage of ecosystem components, the integration of physical and biological processes at different scales and two-way interactions between ecosystem components. We suggest that this is best achieved by coupling models, but there are very few existing cases where the coupling supports true two-way interaction. The advantages of coupling models are that the extent of discretization and representation can be targeted to the part of the food web being considered, making their development time- and cost-effective. Processes such as predation can be coupled to allow the propagation of forcing factors effects up and down the food web. However, there needs to be a stronger focus on enabling two-way interaction, carefully selecting the key functional groups and species, reconciling different time and space scales and the methods of converting between energy, nutrients and mass.     

Resurrecting vintage paper seismic records

Marine seismic data has been collected for several decades in both academia and industry. Early single channel acquisitions were often, if at all, recorded on magnetic media that are generally no longer supported for replay. Although seismic data over 10 years old has limited quality compared to modern acquisition, thousands of survey km of hard copy records remains world wide in areas with no recent coverage. In addition, many processed multi-channel datasets are now not available as digital files for a variety of reasons. Rising interest in continental margin geology in response to climate change priorities and the UNCLOS submission requirements of maritime states has created a demand to re-use these older records where the cost of new or re-acquisition is not pragmatic. Through creating digital SEG-Y files from images of these records they can be reprocessed and re-interpreted. This paper investigates the practicalities of paper seismic record re-use and measures the performance of a typical conversion option as an indicator of the validity of the concept. Examples of applications of the process illustrate what can be achieved and the limitations that exist so that users can make an informed choice of whether to resurrect their information.     

YS-80-122海洋低温碱性蛋白酶的性质

碱性蛋白酶是一种最重要的工业用酶,广泛应用于洗涤、食品、皮革和丝绸行业.海洋低温碱性蛋白酶是一种应用我国海洋嗜极微生物黄海黄杆菌(YS-80-122)代谢产物并通过现代生物工程手段开发出的一类新型酶.通过6000转/分离心(4℃),收集(30%-65%)硫酸铵沉淀,透析后等电聚焦制备分离(12W),并经凝胶S-200过滤,获得纯品经SDS- PAGE 聚丙烯酰胺凝胶和C8 HPLC 图谱已达到电泳纯.其分子量为49,320Dal,等电点为8.5.建立酶活-温度-pH 方程与模型( r2＞0.9),可求出其最适温度为30℃,最适pH为9.5,低温(T≤30℃)和低 pH(pH≤8)对保持其稳定性有利.经试验该酶与大多数金属离子和增稠剂及表面活性剂适应性良好.Pb2 、 Ag 、Cu2 对其有抑制作用,EDTA对其有强烈抑制作用.该酶性质与以往发现碱性蛋白酶性质不同,属于一种新型海洋酶.