平顶山北地热示范区PBR01井钻探施工实践

PBR01井是河南省有色金属地质矿产局在平顶山北组织实施的一口地热勘查示范井。完井深度2248.56 m,终孔直径216 mm。施工过程中遇到涌水、漏失、坍塌掉块、水敏失稳造浆等复杂地层及岩心采取率低等问题。本文从地层情况、井身结构设计、钻井工艺技术等方面介绍了该井的施工情况,总结取得的成果。通过采用改善钻井液性能、工艺堵漏、改进坚硬地层取心工艺、平衡法固井等措施解决施工中遇到的难题,为今后该地区中深部地热钻探积累一定的经验和技术。     

淮安市洪泽盐盆地质环境监测网建设的实践

随着岩盐矿床逐步得到开发利用,盐矿开采过程中引发的地质环境问题也日益受到人们的关注,而目前对盐矿开采引发的地面沉降和地下水污染等地质环境问题以理论研究居多,鲜有实际监测数据支撑,虽然有少量盐矿开展了监测工作,但其监测范围也多限于单个矿区、监测内容多为单个地质环境问题(如地面沉降的专项监测)。洪泽盐盆地质环境监测网是我国首个在整个盐盆范围内(覆盖现有开采区及规划开采区)统一规划建设的、集地面沉降和地下水污染为一体的综合监测网络,它的建设不仅极大地全面推进了洪泽盐盆矿山地质环境保护的进程,而且其建设经验、监测手段、运行管理模式也为其他地区盐类矿床的地质环境保护提供了有效的借鉴,同时,长期的监测数据也能为进一步研究盐矿开采区的地质环境问题提供可靠的基础资料。     

The mafic-ultramafic complex near Finero (Ivrea-Verbano Zone), II. Geochronology and isotope geochemistry

Whole-rock Nd and Sr isotopic compositions of the mafic-ultramafic complex near Finero demonstrate that the magma was derived from a depleted, perhaps MORB-type mantle reservoir. The Sm-Nd data for the Amphibole Peridotite unit can be interpreted as an isochron with an apparent age of 533 ± 20 Ma, which is consistent with a ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb evaporation age of 549 ± 12 Ma of a single zircon grain from the Internal Gabbro unit. However, the interpretation of these apparent ages remains open to question. We therefore retain the alternative hypotheses that the intrusion occurred either about 533 or 270 Ma ago, the latter being the most likely age of emplacement of the much larger magma body near Balmuccia (Val Sesia). The implication of the older emplacement age (if correct) would be that the igneous complex may be related to the numerous amphibolite units, which are intercalated with the metapelites of the overlying Kinzigite Formation, and together with them may constitute an accretionary complex. In this case, the mafic-ultramafic complex itself might also be part of such an accretionary complex (as has been proposed for the Balmuccia peridotite).

Internal Sm-Nd isochrons involving grt, cpx, plag and amph from the Internal Gabbro unit yield concordant ages of 231 ± 23, 226 ± 7, 223 ± 10, 214 ± 17, and 203 ± 13 Ma. These results confirm published evidence for a separate, regional heating event about 215 ± 15 Ma ago.

Initial _Nd(533) values average +6.3 ± 0.4 for six samples of the Amphibole Peridotite unit and +6.0 ± 1.2 for ten samples of the External Gabbro unit. ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios require little or no age correction and range from 0.7026 to 0.7047 (with two outliers at 0.7053 and 0.7071). Strong correlations between ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr and K₂O and weaker correlations between initial _Nd and K₂O imply a comparatively minor (≤ 10%) contamination of the External Gabbro magma by crustal material and a later alteration by a crustal or seawater-derived fluid. These results contrast sharply with the isotopic composition (negative _Nd and high ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values) of the associated mantle rocks, the Phlogopite Peridotite unit, which has been pervasively metasomatized by crustal fluids. This type of metasomatism and its isotopic signature are never seen in the magmatic complex. This evidence rules out any direct genetic relationship between the igneous complex and the mantle peridotite. The crust-mantle interaction is the opposite of that seen at Balmuccia, where the mantle peridotite is essentially ‘pristine’ and the magmatic body has been extensively contaminated by assimilation of crustal rocks.     

川西喜马拉雅期碰撞造山带岩浆碳酸岩的地幔源区特征——Pb-Sr-Nd同位素证据

对形成于大陆碰撞带内的川西碳酸岩进行了详细的Pb-Sr-Nd同位素分析.结果表明,川西碳酸岩具有非常负的εNd值（-3.2～-18.7）和高的（^87Sr/^86Sr）i值（0.706020～0.707923）,以及较宽的^207Pb/^204Pb值（15.362～15.679）和^208Pb/^204Pb值（38.083～39.202）的特征,明显不同于世界上由非造山作用形成的碳酸岩.它们的Sr-Nd、Pb-Pb、Sr-Pb和Nd-Pb同位素特征表明大多数碳酸岩来源于EM Ⅰ与EMⅡ之间的一种混合地幔,与元古宙不同质量比的深海/陆源沉积物和下覆的似MORB由俯冲作用引起的洋壳的再循环有关,而少数碳酸岩则受到地壳物质混染的结果.此外,通过动力学背景分析可以得出,富集地幔EM Ⅰ与EMⅡ之间的熔融产生了川西碳酸岩以及同时代的富钾岩浆岩,这种熔融可能是由于印度大陆板片与扬子大陆板片俯冲引起的新生代软流圈物质的上涌产生的,并发生于青藏高原东缘始新世-渐新世分界线的从转换压扭变形向转换张扭变形的转变过渡的构造背景下.     

地应力钻孔施工关键技术探讨

汶川地震后,地应力研究受到重视,应力孔施工也日渐增多。本文依据多个项目实践经验,总结了地应力钻孔施工中的一些主要技术问题,介绍了钻孔结构设计按照终孔直径选择、监测仪器安装以及地层条件来综合考虑的方法。特别是从保证技术套管的使用和起拔安全,保障仪器安装精度的扩孔技术,冲洗液的选择与控制,应力测量与应力监测仪器安装的技术保障措施等应力孔施工关键技术方法方面探讨和总结了该类型钻孔施工技术特点和技术经验,系统总结了孔内应力测量和监测仪器安装技术方法,对同类项目的开展具有一定的借鉴和现实指导意义。     

世界首座海洋观测网体系——加拿大“海王星”海底观测技术

加拿大“海王星”是世界首座海洋观测网体系,它将覆盖整个东北太平洋区的胡安·德富卡板块,揭开了地球科学研究的新篇章.它通过主干动脉光电缆连接位于5个汇结端上的仪器设备,对海底进行长期实时观测,并通过强大的数据管理和存档系统,实时传输观测数据,供科学家和科学爱好者们免费使用.加拿大“海王星”海底观测技术主要应用于观测海底火...     

黄河三角洲湿地生态特征变化及可持续性管理对策

近年来，由于农业市场化和产业化的发展，工业与城市化的崛起，黄河三角洲湿地生态特征发生了巨大变化。表现在湿地类型和面积的改变，湿地水状况及水质的变化，湿地产品的不可持续利用等，通过对湿地生态变化的自然因素和人为原因进行分析，提出了黄河三角洲湿地可持续性管理的方案，并从生态、社会、经济指标出发，探讨了湿地可持续性管理对策。     

过程与格局的关系及其在区域景观生态规划中的应用

景观生态学基本原理被广泛应用于景观设计和区域生态规划中,生态过程与生态格局之间的关系是区域生态规划面对的重要问题。在回顾景观生态学生态过程与生态格局关系认识过程的基础上,提出二者之间"过程为体,格局为用"的哲学关系。"体"即根本和内在的东西,"用"为"体"的外在表现。面对具体的规划区域时,分析问题的切入点和解决问题的着眼点都是"格局",但是规划的根本出发点和目的都是"过程"。围绕二者关系主线,建立了一个基于生态过程的区域景观生态格局规划方法框架,主要包括3个阶段的研究工作:分析区域历史景观格局演变过程,确定面向生态过程需求的生态格局以及制定提升生态系统功能的对策措施。     

格尔木河表层沉积物重金属污染现状及潜在生态风险评价

为了解格尔木河所反映的环境现状以及格尔木市开发所带来的影响,对格尔木河表层沉积物共计9个采样点的七种重金属元素（As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Ni、Pb、Zn）的浓度分布特征进行了分析,并利用多元统计方法（因子分析、聚类分析及相关性分析）以及不同的污染和生态风险指标进行综合评价,得出以下结论：格尔木河表层沉积物元素Cd主要来源于人类活动输入,Igeo指示元素Cd、Cr在格尔木河下游污染程度达到轻度污染,其他元素无污染,mCd指示各采样点的污染程度为无-很低,指标PLI指示各采样点的污染程度为低或中等,整个研究区域的PLIzone值为1.06,指示研究区域内沉积物的重金属污染程度中等。单元素的潜在风险指数（Ei）指示重金属生态危害程度均很低,各个采样点的潜在生态风险指数（RI）也指示为低等级,但仍要注意人类活动引起的重金属潜在生态危害,尤其是元素Cd的输入。出格尔木市后元素浓度及Igeo值均逐渐增高,mCd、PLI及RI同样有显著的增长趋势,指示格尔木河受格尔木市人类活动的影响。格尔木河中游（格尔木市区段）相对于格尔木河上游及下游整体均表现为低浓度、低污染及低生态风险,指示格尔木河河道治理对控制重金属污染、改善河流环境及保护生态环境有重要的意义。     

Current and future use of indicators for ecosystem based fisheries management

Implementing ecosystem based fisheries management (EBFM) will require a suite of ecological indices to track the state of an ecosystem, in addition to monitoring species-abundance for both economically important species, as well as species that are not targeted for harvest. However, EBFM implementation requires an examination of current methods and applications of ecological indices that are being used. This paper identifies four key uses for ecosystem indices in the context of EBFM and discusses the implications of each: (1) motivation for socio-political action, (2) information for individual users to modify their behavior, (3) implementation of decision rules for management evaluation, and (4) discovery of ecosystem functions to advance scientific knowledge. In a fisheries management context, ecological indicators will be linked to decision rules based on the definitions of both “ecosystem overfishing” and the current single-species definitions of overfishing. Two components of common ecological indicators are species weightings (i.e. catch or abundance data by species) and the species-specific ecological attributes (e.g. mortality rates, body size, trophic level). We discuss statistical issues that arise from estimating the parameters in ecological index calculations from both fishery-dependent and independent data and the potential biases introduced by using catch-per-unit-effort (CPUE) data, catch data, and abundance estimates. Given the range of biases that arise, often the best estimates of species weightings (abundances) are those derived from fish stock assessments. This implies that progress in EBFM may be best served by increasing the number of species for which single-species assessments are done and to expand the list of species to include species which may not be economically important. The policy framework exists to carry out EBFM; however, future works needs to focus on empirical management strategy simulations, as well as theoretical works to identify management criteria based on those indicators.