鄂尔多斯高原湖泊蒸发原位试验研究

鄂尔多斯高原分布有大量湖泊,湖泊蒸发作为地表水的主要排泄方式,是准确评价水资源的关键均衡项之一。研究湖泊蒸发对于认识区域水循环、水资源评价和湖泊生态环境保护等方面有着重要的现实意义和科学价值。然而该地区对于湖泊蒸发的实测资料有限,大多通过折算法和公式法计算。本次研究在鄂尔多斯高原典型湖泊——木凯淖开展原位试验,通过安置在湖泊中心的蒸发器实测水面蒸发,分析蒸发与气象因素之间的相关性,并将原位湖水蒸发和湖边陆面蒸发皿蒸发以及Penman公式理论值进行对比。研究表明,湖水蒸发受湿度和气温两种因素影响较大;湖泊水面蒸发与湖边陆面小蒸发皿的折算系数约为0.85,较前人研究偏大;湖水蒸发受湖水盐度影响很小,可以忽略;与Penman公式计算结果相比,相关性分析结果较高,在缺乏实测资料时,可通过Penman公式估算湖水蒸发。     

深海地热探针的设计及应用

主要介绍新型自容式高精度深海地热探针的外形结构和内部电路原理,这种探针不但可以测定海底沉积物的温度梯度,而且还可以现场测定热导率,从而实现地热的原位测量。     

TSP在高地温—高地应力隧道地质预报中的问题及改进

正在建设的川藏铁路有大量隧道具有高地温、高地应力特征,如何提高高地温—高地应力隧道超前地质预报的精度是工程建设面临的一大难点.以TSP法超前地质预报为例,分析该方法在高地温—高地应力隧道探测主要存在两方面的问题:一方面是采用乳化炸药和塑料导爆管在高岩温炮孔中激震时易发生拒爆、哑炮及瞎炮,影响数据采集;另一方面是数据处理...     

整体式中隔墙连拱隧道模型试验及现场监测

针对连拱隧道复杂的施工力学特性,结合实际工程,通过模型试验和现场监测分别研究了整体式中隔墙连拱隧道在中导正洞台阶法施工过程中的位移和中隔墙应力变化情况,并详细分析了各开挖步骤对其的影响。结果表明,对于整体式中隔墙连拱隧道,上台阶开挖对顶部位移和中隔墙应力的影响大于下台阶开挖产生的影响;隧道顶点位移-历时曲线总体形状呈S形,最大位移发生在后掘隧道的顶部。由于主洞的开挖将使中隔墙另一侧应力增加较大,而本侧应力增加较小甚至降低,因此,先掘隧道的开挖使中隔墙产生由先掘隧道侧向后掘隧道侧偏转的弯矩,而后掘隧道的开挖将使该弯矩值减小     

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Comparison of remote sensing data with in-situ wind observation during the development of the South China Sea monsoon

Wind measurements derived from QuikSCAT data were compared with those measured by anemometer on Yongxing Island in the South China Sea (SCS) for the period from April 2008 to November 2009. The comparison confirms that QuikSCAT estimates of wind speed and direction are generally accurate, except for the extremes of high wind speeds (>13.8m/s) and very low wind speeds (<1.5m/s) where direction is poorly predicted. In-situ observations show that the summer monsoon in the northern SCS starts between May 6 and June 1. From March 13, 2010 to August 31, 2010, comparisons of sea surface temperature (SST) and rainfall from AMSR-E with data from a buoy located at Xisha Islands, as well as wind measurements derived from ASCAT and observations from an automatic weather station show that QuikSCAT, ASCAT and AMSR-E data are good enough for research. It is feasible to optimize the usage of remote-sensing data if validated with in-situ measurements. Remarkable changes were observed in wind, barometric pressure, humidity, outgoing longwave radiation (OLR), air temperature, rainfall and SST during the monsoon onset. The eastward shift of western Pacific subtropical high and the southward movement of continental cold front preceded the monsoon onset in SCS. The starting dates of SCS summer monsoon indicated that the southwest monsoon starts in the Indochinese Peninsula and forms an eastward zonal belt, and then the belt bifurcates in the SCS, with one part moving northeastward into the tropical western North Pacific, and another southward into western Kalimantan. This largely determined the pattern of the SCS summer monsoon. Wavelet analysis of zonal wind and OLR at Xisha showed that intra-seasonal variability played an important role in the summer. This work improves the accuracy of the amplitude of intra-seasonal and synoptic variation obtained from remote-sensed data.     

由高密度磁异常测量数据分析南海海盆的扩张年龄与扩张模式

南海是西太平洋最大的边缘海,地处欧亚板块、太平洋板块和印度洋板块的交汇处.过去通过磁异常条带对比分析南海扩张年龄的研究很多,但是所依赖的资料有限.本文对南海海盆高密度大批量磁异常测量数据进行了系统分析,实现了平面2D磁异常数据的带通滤波处理,消除了短波长噪音和由深部下地壳和上地幔顶部磁源体引起的长波长背景信息,因此突出了海底扩张所引起的磁异常条带.利用CK95地磁倒转模型和Talwani磁异常正演方法,对南海东部和西南次海盆内的重点磁异常测线进行了正演分析.通过对不同测线之间、不同海盆之间以及同一条测线中的正演磁异常与实测磁异常之间进行对比分析,进一步验证了南海东部次海盆的扩张年龄为32～16.5 Ma;西南次海盆可能的扩张年龄仍具有较大不确定性,可能为42～33 Ma或者24～16 Ma.不同的时间模型所依赖的扩张速率的变化情况不同,全扩张速率随时间变化明显,但主要在40～80 km/Ma之间.单纯根据目前的磁异常资料很难确定西南次海盆与东部次海盆之间的扩张次序.单期次扩张模式很难解释中南断裂两侧的构造物理差异,这种差异可能主要受控于其基底岩石成分、岩石磁化率、岩浆活动、扩张速率以及深部物质冷却磁化的影响,基底深度的变化也对观测磁异常的强度有所影响.相对地,大部分扩张后玄武岩海山的存在对观测的磁异常的影响不明显,针对目前磁异常解释中不可避免的多解性问题,需要运用其他不同的手段和方法,譬如大洋钻探和深拖高分辨率磁异常测量等,来实现对南海不同次海盆扩张年龄的精确估计.我们目前的工作是通向对深拖高分辨率磁异常、船测和航测磁异常、以及卫星磁异常综合解释的第一步.     

深水崎岖海底对下伏地层地震成像的影响研究

深水陆坡区水深急剧变化,峡谷纵横,水道复杂,形成了崎岖的海底地形地貌,严重影响到其下伏地层的地震成像,并造成地震剖面上构造形态的畸变.本文利用复杂介质条件下共聚焦分析和CRP分析方法,讨论深水区崎岖海底条件对下伏目的层地震波成像质量的影响,通过对比分析水平海底条件与崎岖海底条件下成像的差别,为深水崎岖海底地区的地震采集设计提出建议.     

Groundwater connections under a barrier beach: A case study in the Venice Lagoon

The flow of groundwater beneath barrier islands has been cited as a possible pathway for salt water and chemical exchange between a protected embayment and the open sea. Evidence is presented that identifies an exchange of groundwater through a highly permeable paleoinlet along the barrier beach of Cavallino, which separates the northern Venice Lagoon from the Adriatic Sea. We utilized both point measurements of submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) and a geophysical investigation of the subsurface resistivity to analyze the movement of saline groundwater. Discharge of groundwater and associated nutrients, was higher at the site of a former inlet than at a similar site along the barrier and modulated by the difference in tidal water level between the lagoon and Adriatic Sea. If the measured conditions are typical, storm surge barriers could potentially result in a saline groundwater flow of up to 1.5×10⁶ m³ d⁻¹ into the lagoon.     

白鹤滩水电站坝区深部破裂岩体地应力演化特征

还原深部破裂岩体赋存地应力场演化过程,研究深部破裂岩体成因、形成年代及发展演化趋势。以岩体深部破裂特征为基础,结合构造演化、河谷演化及浅生改造理论,采用数值模拟方法,从地应力场变化及应变能释放角度解释深部破裂形成演化过程。研究表明,宽谷期大规模夷平作用使深部破裂赋存应力场发生根本性改变,与现今应力场趋于一致,但并未导致深部破裂形成;侧向卸荷是深部破裂形成的主要原因,侧向卸荷导致主应力减小,但方向维持不变,当侧向临空面出现,伴随应变能释放,NW向结构面拉张形成具有继承性的NW向深部破裂;错动带的差异回弹形成残余拉应力,导致NE向新生性深部破裂形成;深部破裂形成地质年代应大致对应于Ⅲ级阶地形成初期,即Q2晚期～Q3早期阶段