不同倾角多层节理深部岩体开挖变形破坏规律模型试验研究

深部资源开发中地下洞室围岩稳定控制必须面对峰后碎裂岩体的变形和破坏问题,目前深部多裂隙岩体开挖强卸荷引起的围岩变形破坏规律尚不清楚,常导致大体积塌方、大变形等重大工程事故。采用大尺度三维模型相似试验系统,分析具有不同倾角的多层节理的岩体在高地应力下开挖变形破坏规律。试验结果表明：裂隙倾角较小时,隧道上、下侧围岩主要发生大变形,左、右侧围岩呈现分层破裂现象,随着裂隙倾角增大,破裂区从洞室左、右两侧逐渐扩展到洞室全周,顶部岩体越容易发生大体积滑塌;隧道围岩由内向外应力和位移值呈波动状分布;洞周塑性区范围随裂隙倾角增大而增大,裂隙倾角越大,洞周塑性区越容易与洞室上、下侧裂隙面连通。该研究为保障深部工程的安全修建与运营提供了试验基础。     

广州地区花岗岩残积土力学特性试验及参数研究

花岗岩残积土属区域性特殊土,一般具有较强的结构性,准确获得其力学参数是进行基坑等工程设计的前提条件。针对广州地区花岗岩残积土,开展系列力学特性试验研究,包括压板载荷试验、标贯试验以及室内侧限压缩、直剪等常规试验,基于试验结果得到工程中常用的花岗岩残积土力学参数,并进行对比分析及验证。结果表明,由花岗岩残积土室内直剪试验强度参数（黏聚力c、内摩擦角 ）计算得到的地基极限承载力以及由室内侧限压缩试验得到的花岗岩残积土变形参数均明显小于实测值;由压板载荷试验反算得到的花岗岩残积土c、 和变形模量E50计算p-s曲线结果与实测结果较为吻合;由标贯试验结果得到的花岗岩残积土E50则与由压板载荷试验得到的E50结果接近,说明压板载荷试验、标贯试验可作为花岗岩残积土力学参数的合理确定方法之一。     

爆炸液化场地中浅埋钢筋混凝土结构动力响应的现场试验研究

饱和砂土地基在爆炸荷载作用下会发生液化,地基上的结构物将受到爆炸荷载及地基液化的双重作用,从而产生不均匀沉降和破坏性变形。基于大型现场爆炸液化试验,对场地上钢筋混凝土(RC)结构的动力响应和地基液化后RC结构的变形进行了分析研究。结果表明:液化场地中浅埋RC结构产生了明显的不均匀沉降,且最大沉降量达到结构高度的10%,结构差异沉降达到最大沉降量的1/5,结构沉降变形在液化后15 h时基本稳定;RC结构表面未产生明显的裂缝,动态拉、压应变均在400??以内,不会对结构造成显著破坏;结构动力响应表现为柱侧加速度峰值明显大于梁侧,但柱侧动力稳定所需时间较梁侧短,即柱承受了更大的瞬时冲击力且其抵抗瞬时冲击力的能力更强。研究结果可以为在可液化地基中的浅埋RC结构稳定设计等工程情况提供参考。     

分量应变和体应变可靠性检验及特殊事件影响对比分析

对泰安台不同类型钻孔应变仪的产出资料进行研究,分析分量应变仪的自检可靠性及其与体应变资料的相关性,以及在抽水干扰情况下的相关性。RZB-3仪两组互相正交的分量应变之和S1+S3、S2+S4的自检相关性达到0.999 9,其与体应变的相关性达到0.998以上。但在抽水干扰情况下,S1+S3、S2+S4自检相关性及与体应变的相关性均较差。     

CG-5重力仪的漂移特征

基于实验数据,从静态漂移和动态漂移两个方面对CG-5重力仪的零漂特性进行系统分析。结果发现,CG-5重力仪的零漂值（静态漂移率和动态漂移率）较高,幅值随时间变化逐渐减小,最终趋于稳定;静态漂移率和动态漂移率总体随空间纬度（重力值读数段）增大而减小,但个体差异较大。     

终止压桩力及承载力标准值实测方法探求

需要多大的压桩力才能将桩压入设计预定的标高,获得最大的单桩承载力,这是工程上最实际、最有价值的问题之一。本文通过静力压桩及静载试验求取适合于工程实际情况的终止压桩力与单桩极限承载力的关系,并通过钢弦式应力计在预应力管桩中的应用,论述了由测应力计频率到求取单桩极限侧阻力标准值及极限端阻力标准值的过程和原理。     

金刚石压腔实验技术应用于生烃动力学研究浅析

金刚石压腔实验技术自发明以来就被广泛应用于高压领域的研究,成为高压下进行物质结构、性质等方面实验研究的重要方法。另一方面,生烃动力学近年来被广泛应用于含油气盆地烃源岩评价与勘探。文中对生烃动力学原理进行了介绍,对当前确定生烃动力学参数的热解实验装置进行评述,并对金刚石压腔实验技术应用于生烃动力学研究进行了分析。     

高温高压实验及原位测量技术

文中简述了高温高压实验技术及其发展现状,主要涉及高温高压实验装置及高温高压原位实验测量技术两方面内容。重点介绍了:(1)金刚石压腔、大体积压力机、高压釜等静态高压实验技术和动高压实验技术及其特征;(2)拉曼、红外、X-射线衍射及同步辐射等高温高压原位谱学研究;(3)超声波、布利渊散射、核共振非弹性X-射线散射等高压物质弹性波速原位测量技术研究现状及其进展;(4)金刚石压腔、大压力机中高温高压电导率的原位测量技术研究现状及其进展。     

Geodynamic evolution of a forearc rift in the southernmost Mariana Arc

The southernmost Mariana forearc stretched to accommodate opening of the Mariana Trough backarc basin in late Neogene time, erupting basalts at 3.7–2.7 Ma that are now exposed in the Southeast Mariana Forearc Rift (SEMFR). Today, SEMFR is a broad zone of extension that formed on hydrated, forearc lithosphere and overlies the shallow subducting slab (slab depth ≤ 30–50 km). It comprises NW–SE trending subparallel deeps, 3–16 km wide, that can be traced ≥ ∼30 km from the trench almost to the backarc spreading center, the Malaguana‐Gadao Ridge (MGR). While forearcs are usually underlain by serpentinized harzburgites too cold to melt, SEMFR crust is mostly composed of Pliocene, low‐K basaltic to basaltic andesite lavas that are compositionally similar to arc lavas and backarc basin (BAB) lavas, and thus defines a forearc region that recently witnessed abundant igneous activity in the form of seafloor spreading. SEMFR igneous rocks have low Na₈, Ti₈, and Fe₈, consistent with extensive melting, at ∼23 ± 6.6 km depth and 1239 ± 40°C, by adiabatic decompression of depleted asthenospheric mantle metasomatized by slab‐derived fluids. Stretching of pre‐existing forearc lithosphere allowed BAB‐like mantle to flow along the SEMFR and melt, forming new oceanic crust. Melts interacted with pre‐existing forearc lithosphere during ascent. The SEMFR is no longer magmatically active and post‐magmatic tectonic activity dominates the rift.     

Electromagnetic induction prediction of soil salinity and groundwater properties in a Tunisian Saharan oasis

Abstract

Electromagnetic induction measurements (EM) were taken in a saline gypsiferous soil of the Saharan-climate Fatnassa oasis (Tunisia) to predict the electrical conductivity of saturated soil extract (ECe) and shallow groundwater properties (depth, Dgw, and electrical conductivity, ECgw) using various models. The soil profile was sampled at 0.2 m depth intervals to 1.2 m for physical and chemical analysis. The best input to predict the log-transformed soil salinity (lnECe) in surface (0–0.2 m) soil was the EMh/EMv ratio. For the 0–0.6 m soil depth interval, the performance of multiple linear regression (MLR) models to predict lnECe was weaker using data collected over various seasons and years (R _a ² = 0.66 and MSE = 0.083 dS m^-1) as compared to those collected during the same period (R _a ² = 0.97, MSE = 0.007 dS m^-1). For similar seasonal conditions, for the Dgw–EMv relationship, R ² was 0.88 and the MSE was 0.02 m for Dgw prediction. For a validation subset, the R ² was 0.85 and the MSE was 0.03 m. Soil salinity was predicted more accurately when groundwater properties were used instead of soil moisture with EM variables as input in the MLR.

Editor D. Koutsoyiannis; Associate editor K. Heal

Citation Bouksila, F., Persson, M., Bahri, A., and Berndtsson, R., 2012. Electromagnetic induction predictions of soil salinity and groundwater properties in a Tunisian Saharan oasis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 57 (7), 1473–1486.