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31.
C Werner G Chiodini D Voigt S Caliro R Avino M Russo T Brombach J Wyngaard S Brantley 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2003,210(3-4):561-577
An eddy covariance (EC) station was deployed at Solfatara crater, Italy, June 8–25, 2001 to assess if EC could reliably monitor CO2 fluxes continuously at this site. Deployment at six different locations within the crater allowed areas of focused gas venting to be variably included in the measured flux. Turbulent (EC) fluxes calculated in 30-min averages varied between 950 and 4460 g CO2 m−2 d−1; the highest measurements were made downwind of degassing pools. Comparing turbulent fluxes with chamber measurements of surface fluxes using footprint models in diffuse degassing regions yielded an average difference of 0% (±4%), indicating that EC measurements are representative of surface fluxes at this volcanic site. Similar comparisons made downwind of degassing pools yielded emission rates from 12 to 27 t CO2 d−1 for these features. Reliable EC measurements (i.e. measurements with sufficient and stationary turbulence) were obtained primarily during daytime hours (08:00 and 20:00 local time) when the wind speed exceeded 2 m s−1. Daily average EC fluxes varied by ±50% and variations were likely correlated to changes in atmospheric pressure. Variations in CO2 emissions due to volcanic processes at depth would have to be on the same order of magnitude as the measured diurnal variability in order to be useful in predicting volcanic hazard. First-order models of magma emplacement suggest that emissions could exceed this rate for reasonable assumptions of magma movement. EC therefore provides a useful method of monitoring volcanic hazard at Solfatara. Further, EC can monitor significantly larger areas than can be monitored by previous methods. 相似文献
32.
冬季北极涛动和华北冬季气温变化关系研究 总被引:33,自引:6,他引:33
利用北极涛动指数(AOI)、NCEP/NCAR40a再分析资料中的海平面气压(SLP)、850、500、200hPa等压面高度场资料及中国160站月平均气温资料,运用小波分析,经验正交函数(EOF)分析等方法,分析了华北冬季气温和冬季北极涛动指数的变化特征及其关系。结果表明它们之间存在有着显著相关,特别是在年代际尺度上关系尤其密切。华北在20世纪70年代初以前为持续冷冬,80年代中期之后变为持续暖冬,其间相对正常,而冬季北极涛运指数亦存在类似的3个阶段,冬季北极涛动高(低)低数年,华北地区为暖(冷)冬年。其原因在于,北极涛动在于对流层低层和高层都可激发类似EU遥相关型的异常,通过影响西伯利亚高压和东亚大槽影响华北地区气温。强(弱)涛运年大气环流具有弱(强)东亚冬季风特征,西伯利亚高压减弱(增强),亚洲大陆地面东北风减弱(增强),高空东亚大槽减弱(增强)。 相似文献
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1996年,全球平均气温低于1995年,但从总体上来讲,气候仍比常年偏暖,是80年代以来连续出现的第11个暖年。1995/1996年冬季,中高纬度地区经向环流旺盛,欧洲、北美东部出现异常冷冬,许多地区遇到数十年未见的风雪严寒;前几年的大范围持久干旱已大大减弱或完全解除,高温热浪的强度与范围也明显少于上年。而洪涝却十分频繁,各洲洪水不断,亚洲尤为严重。北大西洋飓风继去年达50年来最多之后,今年仍十分活跃。这些气候特点,可能与1995/1996年赤道太平洋大气状况由长达5年之久的暖位相特征转变为冷位相有关。 相似文献
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L. Kristensen C. E. Andersen H. E. Jørgensen P. Kirkegaard K. Pilegaard 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1997,27(3):249-269
We have discussed the behavior of a non-conserved scalar in the stationary, horizontally homogeneous, neutral surface-flux layer and, on the basis of conventional second-order closure, derived analytic expressions for flux and for mean concentration of a gas, subjected to a first-order removal process. The analytic flux solution showed a clear deviation from the constant flux, characterizing a conserved scalar in the surface-flux layer. It decreases with height and is reduced by an order of magnitude of the surface flux at a height equal to about the typical mean distance a molecule can travel before destruction. The predicted mean concentration profile, however, shows only a small deviation from the logarithmic behavior of a conserved scalar. The solution is consistent with assuming a flux-gradient relationship with a turbulent diffusivity corrected by the Damköhler ratio, the ratio of a characteristic turbulent time scale and the scalar mean lifetime. We show that if we use only first-order closure and neglect the effect of the Damköhler ratio on the turbulent diffusivity we obtain another analytic solution for the profiles of the flux and the mean concentration which, from an experimental point of view, is indistinguishable from the first analytic solution. We have discussed two cases where the model should apply, namely NO which, by night, is irreversibly destroyed by interaction with mainly O3 and the radioactive 220Rn. Only in the last case was it possible to find data to shed light on the validity of our predictions. The agreement seemed such that a falsification of our model was impossible. It is shown how the model can be used to predict the surface flux of 220Rn from measured concentration profiles. 相似文献
38.
Kevin Hall 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2004,29(1):43-57
Discussions regarding weathering in cold environments generally centre on mechanical processes and on the freeze–thaw mechanism in particular. Despite the almost ubiquitous assumption of freeze–thaw weathering, unequivocal proof of interstitial rock water actually freezing and thawing is singularly lacking. Equally, many studies have used the crossing of 0 °C, or values close to that, as the basis for determining the number of ‘freeze–thaw events’. In order to assess the weathering regime at a site in northern Canada, temperatures were collected at the surface, 1 cm and 3 cm depth for sets of paving bricks, with exposures both vertical and at 45°, orientated to the four cardinal directions. Temperature data were collected at 1 min intervals for 1 year. These data provide unequivocal proof for the occurrence of the freezing and thawing of water on and within the rock (freeze–thaw events). The freeze event is evidenced by the exotherm associated with the release of latent heat as the water actually freezes. This is thought to be the ?rst record of such events from a ?eld situation. More signi?cantly, it was found that the temperature at which freezing occurred varied signi?cantly through the year and that on occasion the 1 cm depth froze prior to the rock surface. The change in freeze temperature is thought to be due to the chemical weathering of the material (coupled with on‐going salt inputs via the melting of snowfall), which, it is shown, could occur throughout the winter despite air temperatures down to ?30 °C. This ?nding regarding chemical weathering is also considered to be highly signi?cant. A number of thermal stress events were also recorded, suggesting that rock weathering in cold regions is a synergistic combination of various chemical and mechanical weathering mechanisms. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
39.
一次强风暴的垂直环境特征数值模拟分析 总被引:4,自引:2,他引:4
应用MM 5模式对东北冷涡诱发的 2 0 0 2年 7月 1 2日强风暴进行了数值模拟 ,较成功地模拟出中尺度强对流风暴。发现冷涡后部中层干冷空气绝热下沉是东北冷涡 70 0hPa附近干暖盖形成和维持的重要机制 ,而低层暖湿气流爬升及干暖盖的抑制作用是东北冷涡强对流不稳定能量积累的重要机制。风暴发生前持续的低层西南风到中层西北风的风垂直切变产生的差动平流 ,加剧了层结不稳定 ,而风暴临近风垂直切变方向的快速逆转使热成风不平衡 ,必须通过激发垂直环流以适应其变化 ,对风暴发展有重要作用。 相似文献
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