城市建筑动力学效应对对流边界层影响的敏感性试验

本文将大涡模拟应用于城市对流边界层(CBL)湍流结构和流场特征的研究,在大涡模式中,拖曳系数取与建筑物高度及建筑物高度标准差有关的表达式以考虑次网格建筑物对风速和湍流动能(TKE)的面积平均影响.模拟结果表明,由于城市建筑物对气流的拖曳作用,使建筑物冠层及整个CBL内风速大幅度减小,城市冠层内部风速减小尤为明显,在夹卷层内,风速有一明显的跃变.在边界层中部对流运动已经发展成为较强的热泡,城市建筑物的动力学效应使热泡的水平尺度增大,CBL内平均上升气流速度和下沉气流速度减小,同时使CBL中上升气流所占比例比平坦地面增大.城市建筑物使CBL低层热通量、动量通量、速度方差和位温方差明显增大,但对近地层高度以上的湍流量影响不大.     

中国冷冬的气候研究

 2008年1月中国发生了低温、雨雪、冰冻天气,对南方的交通、通讯和输电等造成了严重的影响,也极大地提高了人们研究冷冬的兴趣。气候资料表明,这个冬季的温度负距平可能接近或小于冷冬的标准（-1.5℃）,远低于寒冬的标准（-2.5℃）。但是,这是1977年以来最冷的冬季。近千年的资料表明,寒冬之后,夏季在中国出现东部多雨或北方多雨的概率会超过气候值。温度分布的EOF分析表明,2008年1月的温度变化可能是年际变化的反映,因此,未来短时间内再次出现这种类型冷冬的可能性不大。     

采控天然冷量过程中青藏铁路路基温度场演变特性研究

针对青藏铁路工程所穿越的高温、富冰多年冻土路基稳定问题, 提出了采控天然冷量, 即在冬季采集并存储地气温差所造成的冷量, 夏季释放, 维护路基稳定的方法. 对典型工程条件下采控天然冷量后路基温度场随时间和空间上的演变规律进行了研究比较, 结果表明: 在不采用附加措施情况下, 直到道路施工完成后的第16年路基内温度场才逐渐进入负温, 因此必须对路基温度场采用人为干预措施. 结果显示, 采控天然冷量方法可以保持青藏铁路路基的稳定.     

青藏高原东部春季感热通量与我国东部气温的年际关系

利用ERA-Interim提供的地表感热、环流场资料和1979-2013年753站中国春季气温观测资料探讨了青藏高原（以下简称高原）东部春季感热通量与我国东部气温的关系。春季高原东部感热与我国东部气温在年际变化上存在密切的相关关系。去除9年滑动平均以后的SVD第一模态结果表明,当高原东部感热出现南弱（强）北强（弱）时,对应我国东北和华南地区的气温异常偏低（高）。当春季高原感热呈现南负北正的分布时,高层200 hPa上,高纬东风异常减弱背景西风有利于冷空气的南下,加之副热带西风急流显著增强,有利于东北地区形成气旋性环流。中低层环流场上,我国北方地区上空为一深厚的东北冷涡所控制,从对流层低层到高层,均呈现较强的气旋式环流分布。一方面,它引导西伯利亚冷空气南下,造成我国东北地区气压异常减弱,气温异常偏低;另一方面,其西侧北风异常阻滞了华南地区上空的背景西南风,不利于暖气流的输送。进一步分析得出,与PC1相关的南北温度差值场上,东亚地区上空从低纬到高纬呈现“负-正-负”的分布形势,有利于副热带西风急流在我国上空的显著增强。气旋中心上暖下冷的结构,导致位涡显著发展并向低层伸展、侵入,增强了对流层中低层的气旋性环流。气旋中心整个对流层为深厚的异常干空气,湿度负值中心与冷中心相对应,表明干冷空气异常下传发展。干侵入使得冷涡加强发展,维持了异常气旋性环流,导致春季东北、华南地区的异常降温。虽然前冬Nino3.4区海温与春季感热相关较好,但其对我国东部春季气温影响并不显著。     

Deep‐water dunes on drowned isolated carbonate terraces (Mozambique Channel,south‐west Indian Ocean)

Subaqueous sand dunes are common bedforms on continental shelves dominated by tidal and geostrophic currents. However, much less is known about sand dunes in deep‐marine settings that are affected by strong bottom currents. In this study, dune fields were identified on drowned isolated carbonate platforms in the Mozambique Channel (south‐west Indian Ocean). The acquired data include multibeam bathymetry, multi‐channel high‐resolution seismic reflection data, sea floor imagery, a sediment sample and current measurements from a moored current meter and hull‐mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler. The dunes are located at water depths ranging from 200 to 600 m on the slope terraces of a modern atoll (Bassas da India Atoll) and within small depressions formed during tectonic deformation of drowned carbonate platforms (Sakalaves Seamount and Jaguar Bank). Dunes are composed of bioclastic medium size sand, and are large to very large, with wavelengths of 40 to 350 m and heights of 0·9 to 9·0 m. Dune migration seems to be unidirectional in each dune field, suggesting a continuous import and export of bioclastic sand, with little sand being recycled. Oceanic currents are very intense in the Mozambique Channel and may be able to erode submerged carbonates, generating carbonate sand at great depths. A mooring located at 463 m water depth on the Hall Bank (30 km west of the Jaguar Bank) showed vigorous bottom currents, with mean speeds of 14 cm sec^?1 and maximum speeds of 57 cm sec^?1, compatible with sand dune formation. The intensity of currents is highly variable and is related to tidal processes (high‐frequency variability) and to anticyclonic eddies near the seamounts (low‐frequency variability). This study contributes to a better understanding of the formation of dunes in deep‐marine settings and provides valuable information about carbonate preservation after drowning, and the impact of bottom currents on sediment distribution and sea floor morphology.     

青藏高原北部冰前湖沉积记录的中晚全新世冰川活动

青藏高原的冰川为亚洲地区大多数人口提供了重要的水资源,研究青藏高原的冰川活动历史有助于预估未来气候变化条件下的冰川响应。本文通过对羌塘腹地布若错沉积物岩芯的粒度、元素以及总有机碳等指标进行分析,重建了该流域中晚全新世以来的冰川活动历史。结果表明,布若错流域在5.2~4.0 cal.ka B.P.期间,冰川退缩,气候相对温暖;然而,4.0 cal.ka B.P.以来环境逐渐变干,印度季风持续减弱;随着3.2 cal.ka B.P.左右大规模的冰川前进,布若错流域进入新冰期,并受到较强西风的影响,气候寒冷干旱;1.3 cal.ka B.P.以来,流域内冰川仍然维持着较大规模,然而湖面却略有升高,可能反映了西风带来了一定的降水。此外,该流域存在4次显著的冰川前进事件,它们分别发生在3.6~3.4 cal.ka B.P.、3.2~2.3 cal.ka B.P.、1.9~1.7 cal.ka B.P.和0.4~0.1 cal.ka B.P.。这4次冷期与青藏高原其他古气候记录对应较好,这种频繁发生的冷事件可能与太阳辐射的长期衰减以及太阳活动的周期性变化有关,热带辐合带的持续南退是季风持续减弱的重要原因;此外,中晚全新世北大西洋的气候变化通过增强的西风环流对该流域产生影响。     

南海北部不同涡旋对内潮的影响

南海北部吕宋海峡是内潮最为活跃的区域之一,且涡旋种类繁多,不同特性的涡旋对内潮的影响不同。基于近岸与区域海洋共同模式(coastal and regional ocean community model,CROCO),模拟探究理想涡旋存在时,涡旋位置、极性、峰值流速和半径对内潮的影响。结果表明:涡旋位置是影响内潮的直接因素,位于涡旋区域内的内潮是主要影响对象,涡旋中心以西内潮方向变化的角度是以东的3倍。气旋涡和反气旋涡分别使潮能通量的方向向南和向北偏转,最大偏转角度超过12°,当涡旋所致背景流与内潮传播方向一致时,内潮群速度增强,反之减弱。涡旋对内潮的影响范围和幅度随着涡旋的半径和峰值流速的增大而变大。当涡旋峰值速度变大时,反气旋涡心以北的潮能通量增长量超过15 kW/m。当涡旋半径增大时,涡旋峰值速度的位置发生变化,涡旋的峰值流速和半径共同影响潮能通量水平分布结构,使其呈现纬向单峰或多峰结构。     

1917号台风“塔巴”对浙江沿海风场的影响及其成因分析

通过分析浙江省区域自动站加密资料、常规观测资料、NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°和0.25°×0.25°再分析资料以及卫星TBB (Black Body Temperature)资料,研究2019年第17号台风"塔巴"影响期间,浙江沿海风场分布的特点及其成因,以寻找台风影响时浙江沿海风场预报的着眼点。此次台风大风具有影响时间早、持续时间长、影响范围大和大风强度强的特点。台风环流与浙江沿海地面弱冷空气之间形成一定气压梯度的堆积,以及后续随着台风环流的发展加强,两者之间气压梯度进一步增大,是导致此次台风大风提早出现的原因之一。垂直环流有利于水平的动量输送和高层动量下传,导致此次台风大风范围大、强度强。冷空气在这次台风大风中起到非常重要的作用。随着台风外围环流与冷空气距离拉近,部分干冷空气侵入台风环流,冷、暖气团之间θse等值线密集,环流附近风速增强。由于干冷空气的继续侵入,冷、暖空气相互作用累积并释放斜压能。同时台风低层的暖心结构被冷空气占据,高层暖心结构上抬,形成上暖下冷的中心结构,导致台风开始变性减弱。地形的辐合、阻挡和摩擦作用对风场的再分布也有一定影响。     

Growing season evapotranspiration in boreal fens in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region: Variability and environmental controls

Current efforts to assess changes to the wetland hydrology caused by growing anthropogenic pressures in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region (AOSR) require well-founded spatial and temporal estimates of actual evapotranspiration (ET), which is the dominant component of the water budget in this region. This study assessed growing season (May–September) and peak growing season (July) ET variability at a treed moderate-rich fen and treed poor fen (in 2013–2018), open poor fen (in 2011–2014), and saline fen (in 2015–2018) using eddy covariance technique and a set of complementary environmental data. Seasonal fluctuations in ET were positively related to net radiation, air temperature and vapour pressure deficit and followed trends typical for the Boreal Plains (BP) and AOSR with highest rates in June–July. However, no strong effect of water table position on ET was found. Strong surface control on ET is evident from lower ET values than potential evapotranspiration (PET); the lowest ET/PET was observed at saline fen, followed by open fen, moderately treed fen, and heavily treed fen, suggesting a strong influence of vegetation on water loss. In most years PET exceeded precipitation (P), and positive relations between P/PET and ET were observed with the highest July ET rates occurring under P/PET ~1. However, during months with P/PET > 1, increased P/PET was associated with decreased July ET. With respect to 30-year mean values of air temperature and P in the area, both dry and wet, cool and warm growing seasons (GS) were observed. No clear trends between ET values and GS wetness/coldness were found, but all wet GS were characterized by peak growing seasons with high daily ET variability.