岛弧构造的垂直形变场与水平位移场及其构造运动和地震活动特征

本文根据水平构造应力作用，推导了弧形构造的理论垂直形变场、水平位移场和应力场，进而对全球性的岛弧构造带在构造运动、地震活动和震源机制等方面的特征给出了新的解释；提出岛弧等弧形构造主要是在弧形构造位移场、应力场作用下逐渐形成的，而大洋板块的俯冲作用是次要的。     

琉球岛弧及其邻区的构造地质研究

区域构造地质特征表明琉球岛弧中部可以划分为5个构造带,即嘉阳带、名户带、本部带、今归仁带和伊平屋带.琉球岛弧中部和南部没有相应的构造带可进行直接对比.BTL构造线在庆良间海裂的北东侧改变其方向为NWW向,而在南西侧,由于庆良间海裂的左行平移作用,可能将BTL构造线推移到琉球岛弧的东侧.琉球岛弧南部的高P/T变质带可能相当于西南日本的内带,与台湾的早期变质带不具相似性.台湾的变质带可能相当于三波川变质带.在220×10~6a左右就开始的变形和变质作用及一系列新的正断裂作用、岩浆侵入作用和热液活动,表明太平洋板块俯冲作用从早中生代开始至今经历了长期的活动阶段.     

西南极利文斯顿岛中部中－新生代火山岩的岩相学和矿物学特征

出露在利文斯顿岛中部的中－晚白垩世火山碎屑岩为多源的角砾凝灰岩、角砾岩和集块碎屑岩，成分以安山质为主。橄榄玄武岩主要在史莱夫角出露，为全晶质斑状构造；主要出露在中利文斯顿和汉那角的安山岩、玄武安山岩多具细晶微斑构造。更新世至现代的火山岩为全晶质斑状的橄榄玄武岩和火山碎屑岩。熔岩的基本矿物组合大致相似，均为斜长石＋辉石（＋橄榄石）＋铁的氧化物，但矿物的含量比例因岩性不同而有所区别。岩石中的斜长石斑晶多具正环带；随着岩石ＳｉＯ２含量的增加，斜长石中Ｏｒ和Ａｂ组分增加而Ａｎ含量下降，斑晶边缘成分一般与基质里长石的成分相近。安山岩和玄武安山岩含有中长石－拉长石斑晶，玄武岩主要含拉长石斑晶，但橄榄玄武岩和粗玄岩中斜长石斑晶的核部为富钙的倍长石。更新世－现代的橄榄玄武岩，其所含斜长石斑晶和基质长石亦比较富钙。玄武安山岩中的辉石多为普通辉石，橄榄玄武岩和玄武岩中含有透辉石斑晶。辉石的Ｔｉ含量低，这是钙碱性火山岩的共同特点。史莱夫角的橄榄玄武岩含有贵橄榄石斑晶。粗玄岩中橄榄石成分与史莱夫角基质橄榄石成分相近。更新世至现代的橄榄玄武岩中既有正常结晶的橄榄石斑晶，还见到高Ｆｏ组分的深源捕掳晶。上述玄武岩中矿物组合的基本特征证明     

西安市城市边界层热岛的数值模拟

本文使用非定常二维边界层大气动力和热力方程组数值模式,结合西安市1983年秋冬季城郊气象场的观测资料及能源耗量,分析计算了西安城市热岛热力场的特性和强度,并评估了由于城市能源消耗总量的增加对未来城市热岛的影响。     

矿坑涌水量的地质分析与模拟──以三山岛金矿为例

本文充分利用地表及地下井巷揭露资料，配合物探成果推测深部水文地质条件。利用同位素 18O分析结果量化各种水体补给量，然后利用数值模型检验、校正上述成果，优选水文地质参数并进一步预测深部中段涌水量。考虑到模拟过程中某些未知因素，或未来开拓过程中工程措施的影响，本文对预测结果进行了必要的讨论和修订。     

Extension-related origin of magmas from a garnet-bearing source in the Los Tuxtlas volcanic field, Mexico

The Los Tuxtlas volcanic field (LTVF) of late Miocene to Recent age is a key area to understand the consequences of the current subduction of the Cocos plate beneath the North American plate, as well as the competing effects of the ongoing extension along the Gulf of Mexico coast. Geochemical and radiogenic (Sr, Nd, and Pb) isotope data are used to constrain the origin of these 7 Ma to Recent magmas in this area. The basanitic and alkaline basaltic rocks show highly steep light rare-earth element-enriched patterns implying residual garnet in their mantle source, whereas the evolved alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks have less steep rare-earth element patterns consistent with a contribution from the continental crust. Geochemical and isotope data from the LTVF are compared with those from continental rifts, extension-related areas, continental break-up regions, and island and continental arcs, including the Central American volcanic arc related to the subduction of the same oceanic plate (Cocos plate), as well as with those from the two nearby Mexican provinces [the Eastern Alkaline Province (EAP) and the eastern part of the Mexican Volcanic Belt (E-MVB)]. These data for the LTVF primitive rocks are similar to rifts, extension-related areas and continental break-up regions, including the two Mexican provinces, but different from island and continental arcs, including the northern part of the Central American Volcanic Arc (CAVA). The LTVF rocks show an unusual Th and U enrichment with respect to Ba and Rb, which also renders a distinct negative Nb anomaly (with respect to Th and K) in them. These rocks also show a negative Nb anomaly (with respect to Ba and La) that is similar to numerous rift, extension-related areas, and continental break-up regions, but distinct from all arcs around the world, indicating that the magma genesis processes in the LTVF are similar to those in rifts. The “Sr-shift”, shown to be a typical feature of most, if not all, island and continental arcs including the CAVA, is not present in the LTVF rocks. Numerous discrimination diagrams, including the new discriminant function diagrams, suggest a rift setting for the LTVF. An essentially extension-related origin of the LTVF is, therefore, inferred in this study. Furthermore, in the light of major and trace element data for LTVF primitive rocks and their modelling an incompatible element-enriched garnet-bearing source seems plausible. The LTVF source is likely to reside in the lithosphere rather than the asthenosphere although the asthenospheric contribution cannot be completely ruled out. The evolved alkaline and sub-alkaline rocks might have a lower crustal component. Finally, it appears that the LTVF shows more affinity to the EAP rather than to the Mexican Volcanic Belt (MVB), implying that the LTVF should probably be considered as a part of the EAP.     

Visible and near infrared reflectance spectroscopy for measuring soil heavy metal content as a quick method

Conventional methods for investigating soil heavy metal contamination based on raster sampling and chemical analysis are time consuming and relatively expensive. Reflectance spectroscopy within the visible-near-infrared （VNIR） region is known for being rapid, convenient, and accurate. Due to low abundance, heavy metals in soils cannot exhibit their inherently spectral features. The objective of this study were （1） to examine the possibility of reflectance spectra as a rapid method to assess Ni, Cr, Cu, Hg, Zn, As, Pb, and Cd in soils, and （2） to explore the mechanism by which to predict spectrally featureless heavy metals. Two research areas located in the south （120 samples） and north （61 samples） of Nanjing City were researched. Reflectance spectra of the samples were recorded on a Perkin-Elmer Lambda 900 spectrophotometer. Partial least-square regression （PLSR） approach was used to develop calibration equations between the spectral data and measured values for heavy metals. The prediction results of the two areas were consistent. Except for Cd all the other elements could be successfully predicted using the reflectance spectra. The prediction accuracy for Ni, Cr, and Cu was highest, while that for Hg and Cd was lowest. In order to further explore the physicochemical mechanism behind the relations between reflectance spectra and heavy metals, one more principal component analysis （PCA） was done for nine elements （eight heavy metals and Fe）. The results of PCA for the both areas were also consistent. Loading plot of factors 1 and 2 from the results of PCA showed that Ni, Cr and Cu, the prediction accuracy of which was highest, were clustered together with Fe. For the other elements that were less correlated with Fe, their prediction accuracy was also lower than that of the three elements. Fe is spectrally active and can exhibit its absorption features. Therefore, the inter-correlation between heavy metals and spectrally active total Fe is the major mechanism by which to predict spectrally featureless trace metals. This study for the two areas showed the potential of reflectance spectra to predict microelements in soils.     

The adakite connection of the Tuwu–Yandong copper porphyry belt, eastern Tianshan, NW China: trace element and Sr-Nd-Pb isotope geochemistry

The Tuwu–Yandong porphyry copper belt lies in the eastern Tianshan mountains, eastern section of the Central Asian orogenic belt. The copper mineralization is mainly hosted in plagiogranite porphyries intruded into early Carboniferous volcanic rocks of the Paleozoic Dananhu island arc between the Tarim and Siberian plates. The plagiogranite porphyries have contents of 65–73 wt% SiO₂, 14–17 wt% Al₂O₃, 0.9–2.2 wt% MgO, 3–16 ppm Y, 0.4–1.40 ppm Yb, 347–920 ppm Sr, and positive Eu anomalies. The rocks also exhibit positive ɛ _Nd(t) values (+5.0 to +9.4) and low initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr values (0.70316–0.70378). Such features are similar to those of adakites derived from partial melting of a subduction-related oceanic slab. The mineralization age is early Carboniferous (350–320 Ma), which is close to that of the porphyries. The close relationship between the Cu mineralization and the porphyry is also indicated by their similar Sr-Nd-Pb isotopic compositions. We suggest that the copper porphyry (magma) system in the Dananhu island arc was formed by direct melting of an obliquely subducting early Carboniferous oceanic slab.     

Transverse fault zones of subtle geomorphic signature in northern Evia island (central Greece extensional province): An introduction to the Quaternary Nileas graben

Reconnaissance level geomorphological observations in the northern part of Evia (Euboea) Island, suggest that a major topographic feature, the 17 km long and 15 km wide Nileas depression (NDpr), corresponds to a previously undetected graben structure, bounded by fault zones of ENE–WSW to NE–SW general strike. These fault zones have been active in the Quaternary, since they affect the Neogene deposits of the Limni–Histiaia basin. They strike transverse to the NW–SE active fault zones that bound northern Evia in the specific area and are characterised along most of their length by subtle geomorphic signatures in areas of extensive forest cover and poor exposure.The NDpr was formed during the Early–Middle Quaternary, after the deposition of the Neogene basin fill. During the Middle–Late Quaternary, the NW–SE fault zones that bound northern Evia have been the main active structures, truncating and uplifting the NDpr to a perched position in relation to the northern Gulf of Evia graben and the submarine basin on the Aegean side of the island. The present-day morphology of the NDpr, with an interior (floor) comprised of Middle Pleistocene erosional surfaces extensively dissected by drainages, was shaped by erosion during this uplift. Judging from their geomorphic signatures, the fault zones that bound the NDpr must have been characterised by low or very low rates of activity during the Late Quaternary. Yet, that they may still be accommodating strain today is suggested by moderate earthquakes that have been recorded within the NDpr.The fault zone at the SE flank of the NDpr (Prokopi–Pelion fault zone) may be very important in terms of earthquake segmentation of the active NW–SE Dirfys fault zone that controls the Aegean coast of northern Evia, given that the intersection between the two presents striking morpho-structural similarities with the intersection of two fault zones with the same directions on the mainland (the Atalanti and Hyampolis fault zones), which is known to have acted as a barrier to the propagation of the Atalanti earthquake ruptures in 1894.