浅论水平定向钻进敷设管材

水平定向钻进铺设技术在国内应用日益广泛,但是现行相关管材标准严重滞后,难以满足实际需要。本文对现行水平定向钻进铺设所涉及到的管材进行简要论述,建议相关部门尽快制定相关的水平定向钻进铺设管材标准,并与现行水平定向钻进技术规范协调一致,以促进水平定向钻进工程在国内的健康发展。     

Directional site effects in a non-volcanic gas emission area (Mefite d’Ansanto,southern Italy): Evidence of a local transfer fault transversal to large NW–SE extensional faults?

The technique of the wavefield polarization is applied to ambient vibrations recorded in the Mefite d’Ansanto area, an important non-volcanic natural emission of low temperature CO₂ enriched gases. Twenty-five measurements were performed in the study area, eleven near the emission site and the other fourteen in different sites within an area of 5 km. Polarization is assessed both in the frequency and time domain through the individual-station horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio and covariance-matrix analysis, respectively. We find a significant tendency of ground motion in the gas emission area to be polarized in the horizontal plane, with a N115° predominant trend. This polarization tends to disappear while moving far from the site. According to previous papers in other study areas, such a directional effect is likely caused by fault-induced fractures and tends to be orthogonal to the fracture strike. The predominant NW–SE regional faulting does not fit the N115° polarization direction. To explain observations, we propose an interpretation in terms of a NE–SW oriented, local transfer fault as inferred from the lineament analysis. The intersection of the damage zone of this fault with the regional NW–SE normal fault system could easily be the responsible for the gas emissions since it favors a locally increased crustal weakness.     

DN630供水管道定向钻穿越淮河工程的设计和施工

作为非开挖施工的一个分支,定向钻穿越技术得到了越来越广泛的应用。本文以DN630供水管道定向钻穿越淮河工程为例,介绍了定向钻穿越的技术特点,指出了设计基本原则及设计要素如管道钻进的入土角、出土角、曲率半径和穿越深度等确定方法,并阐述了定向钻穿越施工工艺流程及泥浆配制、钻导向孔、扩孔及管道回拖等主要施工工艺。     

Determination of the crop row orientations from Formosat-2 multi-temporal and panchromatic images

This paper presents a technique developed for the retrieval of the orientation of crop rows, over anthropic lands dedicated to agriculture in order to further improve estimate of crop production and soil erosion management. Five crop types are considered: wheat, barley, rapeseed, sunflower, corn and hemp. The study is part of the multi-sensor crop-monitoring experiment, conducted in 2010 throughout the agricultural season (MCM’10) over an area located in southwestern France, near Toulouse. The proposed methodology is based on the use of satellite images acquired by Formosat-2, at high spatial resolution in panchromatic and multispectral modes (with spatial resolution of 2 and 8 m, respectively). Orientations are derived and evaluated for each image and for each plot, using directional spatial filters (45° and 135°) and mathematical morphology algorithms. “Single-date” and “multi-temporal” approaches are considered. The single-date analyses confirm the good performances of the proposed method, but emphasize the limitation of the approach for estimating the crop row orientation over the whole landscape with only one date. The multi-date analyses allow (1) determining the most suitable agricultural period for the detection of the row orientations, and (2) extending the estimation to the entire footprint of the study area. For the winter crops (wheat, barley and rapeseed), best results are obtained with images acquired just after harvest, when surfaces are covered by stubbles or during the period of deep tillage (0.27 > R² > 0.99 and 7.15° > RMSE > 43.02°). For the summer crops (sunflower, corn and hemp), results are strongly crop and date dependents (0 > R² > 0.96, 10.22° > RMSE > 80°), with a well-marked impact of flowering, irrigation equipment and/or maximum crop development. Last, the extent of the method to the whole studied zone allows mapping 90% of the crop row orientations (more than 45,000 ha) with an error inferior to 40°, associated to a confidence index ranging from 1 to 5 for each agricultural plot.     

HDD铺管引起地表工后变形的数值模拟分析

水平定向钻进（HDD）是一种重要的非开挖铺管技术,在非开挖领域应用非常广泛。由于其会扰动周围地层以及造成地层损失,进而造成一定程度的地表变形,如地表沉降、地表水平变形等。本文采用有限差分数值模拟方法,运用FLAC3D软件分析了HDD铺管的引起的地表工后变形问题;综合考虑了不同地层内聚力、地表荷载及扩孔级数情况下的地表工后变形。     

注浆技术在砂卵石地层水平（定）导向钻进工程中的应用研究

本人在借鉴前人成果并结合施工经验的基础上,系统总结了砂卵石地层与非开挖钻进施工的适应性,对非开挖钻进施工中出现的问题进行了归纳和分类,并对其原因进行了分析和探讨。同时,为了解决非开挖导向钻进在复杂地层特别是砂卵石层中的施工难题,考虑采用注浆预加固技术对砂卵石层进行预先加固,以提高其强度,保证非开挖导向钻进的顺利进行。更进一步地,对水平孔中注浆预加固的三种方法（垂直注浆法、导管注浆法、随钻注浆法）在导向钻进工程中的概念、适用范围、优缺点以及实施控制要点等进行了对比和研究。     

Use of sinkhole and specific capacity distributions to assess vertical gradients in a karst aquifer

The carbonate-rock aquifer in the Great Valley, West Virginia, USA, was evaluated using a database of 687 sinkholes and 350 specific capacity tests to assess structural, lithologic, and topographic influences on the groundwater flow system. The enhanced permeability of the aquifer is characterized in part by the many sinkholes, springs, and solutionally enlarged fractures throughout the valley. Yet, vertical components of subsurface flow in this highly heterogeneous aquifer are currently not well understood. To address this problem, this study examines the apparent relation between geologic features of the aquifer and two spatial indices of enhanced permeability attributed to aquifer karstification: (1) the distribution of sinkholes and (2) the occurrence of wells with relatively high specific capacity. Statistical results indicate that sinkholes (funnel and collapse) occur primarily along cleavage and bedding planes parallel to subparallel to strike where lateral or downward vertical gradients are highest. Conversely, high specific capacity values are common along prominent joints perpendicular or oblique to strike. The similarity of the latter distribution to that of springs suggests these fractures are areas of upward-convergent flow. These differences between sinkhole and high specific capacity distributions suggest vertical flow components are primarily controlled by the orientation of geologic structure and associated subsurface fracturing.     

悬链线法在水平定向钻轨迹设计中的应用探究

铝孔轨迹设计是非开挖水平定向钻施工中一项重要内容。其最优化设计在国内已较成熟,但多数优化设计未从力学方面进行优化设计。针对这一情况,引入悬链线法来优化水平定向钻轨迹设计。通过悬链线法的计算可知,优化后的轨迹不仅有利于降低钻杆回转阻力和扭矩消耗,提高机械钻速,增长管道使用年限,同时与传统设计方法相比较,其计算出的轨迹长度也比传统圆弧轨迹长度略短,表明了悬链线法在水平定向钻轨迹设计上具有一定的优势。     

Variations in wave direction estimated using first and second order Fourier coefficients

In most design applications such as alignment of the berthing structure and breakwater alignment, it becomes necessary to determine the direction of design wave. There are two different approaches to determine wave direction. One involves the use of first order Fourier coefficients (mean wave direction) while the other uses second order Fourier coefficients (principal wave direction). Both the average wave direction over the entire frequency range (0.03–0.58 Hz) and the direction corresponding to the peak frequency are used in practice. In the present study, comparison is made on wave directions estimated based on first and second order Fourier coefficients using data collected at four locations in the west and east coasts of India. Study shows that at all locations, the mean and principal wave directions for frequencies ranging from 0.07 to 0.25 Hz (±0.5 times peak frequency) co-vary with a correlation coefficient of 0.99 but at lower and higher frequencies, difference between the parameters is large. Average difference between the mean wave direction at peak frequency and the average over the frequency related to spectral energy more than 20% of maximum value is less, around 13°. Study shows that average difference in the sea and swell directions is around 39°.     

Experiments on the reflection coefficients of a detached breakwater in a directional wave field

Results of estimating the directional wave fields in front of a detached breakwater are presented here in this paper. Two of non-phase-locked methods, i.e., the Maximum Likelihood Method (MLM) and the Extended Maximum Entropy Principle Method (EMEP), were adopted for the purpose. In general, the latter outperforms the former. It is shown that the reflection coefficients decrease with increasing distances away from the detached breakwater, and within four wavelengths from the detached breakwater, the rate of the decrease is faster for wave fields having larger directional spreads. When the measuring distance is more than four wavelengths away from the detached breakwaters, the reflection coefficients tend to reach to a constant value. It is shown that, with the use of the non-phase-locked EMEP method, the effective region can be extended, as compared with the results of Huntley and Davidson [J. Waterw. Port Coast. Ocean Eng. 124 (1998) 312].