Mapping and initial dilution estimation of an ocean outfall plume using an autonomous underwater vehicle

A monitoring mission to study the shape and estimate initial dilution of the S. Jacinto outfall plume using an autonomous underwater vehicle (AUV) was performed on July 30, 2002. In order to reduce the uncertainty about plume location and to concentrate the vehicle mission only in the hydrodynamic mixing zone, outputs of a near-field prediction model, based on effective real-time in situ measurements of current speed and direction and density stratification, were opportunistically used to specify in real time the mission transects. The surface characteristics of the outfall plume were found to be influenced strongly by the relatively weak stratification and low current velocities. Dilution was estimated using a temperature–salinity (TS-) diagram with initial mixing lines between wastewater and ambient waters. Effluent dilutions were at least 30:1 in this study. In order to efficiently map the plume dispersion we applied the least-squares collocation method technique. Our results demonstrate that AUVs can provide high-quality measurements of physical properties of effluent plumes in a quite effective manner and valuable considerations about the initial mixing processes under real oceanic conditions can be further investigated.     

Hydrothermal Alteration Zoning and Kinetic Process of Mineral-Water Interactions

This study reports the kinetic experimental results of albite in water and in KCI solution at 22 MPa in the temperature range of 25 to 400℃. Kinetic experiments have been carried out in an open flow-through reaction system (packed bed reactor). Albite dissolution is always incongruent in water at most temperatures, but becomes congruent at 300℃ (close to the critical point 374℃). At temperatures from 25 to 300℃, the incongruent dissolution of albite is reflected by the fact that sodium and aluminum are easily dissolved into water; from 300 to 400℃ it is reflected by silicon being more easily dissolved in water than Al and Na. Maximum albite dissolution rates in the flow hydrothermal systems have been repeatedly observed at 300℃, independent of flow rates.The kinetic experiments of albite dissolution in a KCl aqueous solution (0.1 mol KCl) indicate that the dissolution rate of albite increases with increasing temperature. Maximum silicon release rates of albite have been observed at 400℃, while ma     

A model of the early evolution of karst aquifers in limestone in the dimensions of length and depth

A new model of the early evolution of limestone karst aquifers in the dimensions of length and depth is presented. In its initial state the aquifer consists of a rock massive with evenly spaced fractures of about 50 μm aperture widths with an hydraulic conductivity of 10⁻⁷ ms⁻¹. In addition to this a coarser network of prominent fractures with aperture widths of several 100 μm is also present. Boundary conditions of constant recharge 450 mm/year, or constant head from the input of allogenic streams are imposed. First the position of the water table in the aquifer is calculated, then dissolutional widening during a time step in all the fractures below the water table is found by use of the well-known nonlinear dissolution kinetics of limestone. This is iterated and the position of the water table as well as the fracture widths are found as a function of time. In the case of constant recharge to a karst plateau, the water table in any case drops to base level and conduits there propagate from the spring headwards. If constant head conditions are valid the position of the water table remains almost stable and conduits propagate along the water table from the input towards the spring. There is competition between conduit evolution along prominent fractures and along tight fissures close to the water table. In any case under constant head conditions one of these pathways wins, and early karst evolution is terminated by a breakthrough event with an explosive increase of the flow through the aquifer until constant head conditions break down. Depending on the boundary conditions of constant head or constant recharge or a combination of both it is possible to describe models of cave genesis, which have been derived from field evidence, such as the water table models of Swinnerton and Rhoades as well as the four-state model by Ford and Ewers (Can. J. Earth Sci., 15 (1978) 1783).     

pH值对长石溶解度及次生孔隙发育的影响

本文从长石溶解反应的机理及各离子形态在溶液中分布的热力学角度出发 ,论述了pH值对三个长石端员及高岭石在流体中溶解度的影响。在此基础上 ,进一步探讨了流体酸碱度对长石向高岭石转化和次生孔隙发育程度的制约 ,并提出了衡量次生孔隙发育程度的参数———转化系数D。     

Differential diatom dissolution in Late Quaternary sediments from Lake Manyara,Tanzania: an experimental approach

Diatom dissolution in saline lakes represents an important obstacle to the quantitative reconstruction of water chemistry and climate from lake sediment archives. This problem is here approached experimentally by artificially dissolving diatom-bearing core sediment from Lake Manyara, Tanzania. Manyara holds one of the longest continuous palaeolimnological records from tropical Africa although its interpretation is based on a fragmentary diatom record due to frustule dissolution. These experiments have revealed clear changes in assemblage composition as dissolution operated differentially with respect to diatom taxa. Differential dissolution has considerable impact on the water chemistry estimates derived from transfer functions. Taphonomy, rather than environmental change, may have been responsible for minor fluctuations in the diatom assemblages from Manyara, although major palaeohydrological changes during the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene can be identified. Particularly well represented by MANE-87 is a period of intermediate lake level between 27 500 and 23 000 ¹⁴C yr BP which has regional palaeohydrological significance.     

初论塔里木盆地砂岩储层中SiO2的溶蚀类型及其机理

根据显微镜观察,塔里木盆地砂岩储层中SiO₂溶蚀分为石英颗粒边缘溶蚀、次生加大边溶蚀和交代溶蚀。通过对石英颗粒和加大边溶蚀特征及其与粘土矿物组合、与碳酸盐胶结、与古油藏破坏以及现今油田水中Si离子含量等关系的综合研究,这些SiO₂溶蚀可能存在两种机理:碱性环境下的SiO₂溶蚀和有机酸(烃类微生物降解产生的有机酸以及有机质成熟产生的有机酸)引起的SiO₂溶蚀。第一种溶蚀类型较普遍,但程度微弱;第二种溶蚀类型主要发生在古油藏破坏和有机质成熟过程中,这种溶蚀较强烈但很局限。SiO₂的溶蚀作用可以为油气提供一定量的储集空间,这对于深埋的时代较老的志留-泥盆系储层具有重要意义。在古油藏中尽管烃类已经充注储层孔隙,但只要孔隙中存在有机酸或碱性孔隙水,SiO₂的溶蚀和石英次生加大的胶结等作用仍可进行。     

邻二氮菲分光光度法测定碳酸盐相中微量亚铁

建立了在超声波作用下，HAc—NaAc缓冲溶液和邻二氮菲选择性溶解分光光度法直接测定碳酸盐相中微量亚铁的方法。结果表明，在适宜条件下，含2g／L邻二氮菲的HAc—NaAc缓冲溶液（pH3）可选择性溶解并络合碳酸盐相中的Fe（Ⅱ），通过加入EDTA溶液有效地抑制了Fe（Ⅲ）的光还原作用。常见含铁矿物如赤铁矿、磁铁矿及硅酸盐等均对碳酸盐中Fe（Ⅱ）的测定无干扰。样品经30％的H2O2浸泡、过滤、晾干预处理，能有效地消除黄铁矿和有机物的干扰。方法用于石灰岩国家一级标准物质的测定，结果与标准值相符。     

A mass balance approach to estimate the dilution and removal of the pollutants in stream water polluted by acid mine drainage

 A few simple mass balance equations were developed to simultaneously estimate how much the pollutants from acid mine drainage (AMD) in stream water are diluted and removed during their migration. The application of the equations requires knowledge of the variations in the concentrations of the dissolved pollutants and the stoichiometry of the precipitation reaction of the pollutants when none of the pollutant shows a conservative behavior along the stream path. The calculation should be restricted to the pollutants showing much higher concentrations in the polluted main stream water than in the combining or diluting water of the same target area. The mass balance equations were applied to estimate the dilution factor and precipitation fractions of pollutants in Imgok Creek such as Fe, SO₄ and Al from the AMD of Yeongdong mine. The results show that the estimation, especially for SO₄ and Al, significantly depends on the kinds of the precipitates. When FeOHSO₄ and AlOHSO₄ are assumed to precipitate, the maximum removal fractions of SO₄ and Al by precipitation are respectively 34% and 46% of the original input, which is much higher than the values estimated when SO₄ is considered to be perfectly conservative. It indicates that the stoichiometry of precipitation reaction is very important in the interpretation of the pollutant dilution and migration and assessment of environmental impacts of AMD. The applicability of the mass balance equations may still need to be verified. However, examining the calculated dilution factor and precipitation fractions with the equations can provide invaluable information on not only the behavior but also unexpected input of the pollutants in the stream water polluted by AMD and other point sources. Received: 12 November 1997 · Accepted: 30 March 1998     

Micro-zircon: origin and evolution during metamorphism

The size and distribution of zircon within a garnet-mica-schist from the Scottish Highlands were assessed using scanning electron microscopy. The study reveals that abundant 0.2–3.0 μm sized zircon is preferentially concentrated within garnet and biotite porphyroblasts. The micro-zircon has grown during regional metamorphism and represents >90% of the total number of zircon in the schist. It is texturally distinct from a few larger detrital zircon grains in the schist that commonly preserve evidence of dissolution, and more rarely, small metamorphic outgrowths. The sequential incorporation of zircon in porphyroblasts allows prograde changes in the morphology of the zircon population to be identified. Zircon is reactive and soluble, and responds to medium-grade metamorphism in a series of dissolution and crystallization events, linked to possible changes in fluid composition. Deformation also has a significant influence on the distribution of zircon, allowing inclusions previously trapped within biotite to react. About 8 × 10⁶ micro-zircon occur as inclusions within a typical individual 5-mm garnet porphyroblast and their presence must be considered prior to trace-element or isotopic analysis of such metamorphic phases.