玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土CT扫描试验研究

冰碛土是冰川行进融化过程中漂石、碎石、砂砾、粉土和黏土在毫无分选的条件下快速混杂堆积生成的一种特殊岩土材料,由其引发的工程问题日益受到岩土工程界关注。砾石颗粒细观组构是冰碛土独特沉积历史的反映,直接影响土体的岩土力学性质,但迫于原状冰碛土样极难取得,岩土工程领域迄今罕有研究。对此,采用人工精细切削的方式,成功取得了玉龙雪山西麓原状冰碛土样,并对取回的6块冰碛土原状样进行了CT扫描,首次获得了冰碛土内部真实细观组构图像。借助Matlab对CT图片进行二值化和消噪处理后,运用常规统计方法对冰碛土内砾石颗粒的面含石量、颗粒定向以及颗粒形状等剖面组构指标进行了描述。结果表明,垂直剖面之间的统计数据差异较小,但垂直剖面与水平剖面之间差异较大。     

江浙典型茶园土壤有机质空间异质性分析

茶园土壤有机质分布有明显的空间性,如何凭借有限的采样点数据预测研究区的有机质分布,对了解茶叶种植区土壤状况、指导茶园经营管理、提高茶叶品质和产量有重要意义。本文对江浙4种名茶种植区,利用描述性统计,以及地统计学中的半方差函数模型、空间插值等方法对比分析了茶园土壤有机质的空间异质性。研究结果表明:(1)4个研究区的土壤有机质平均水平均较高,适合茶叶生长,且浙江省2个茶叶种植区的有机质平均水平高于江苏省2个茶叶种植区的有机质水平;(2)半方差函数模型拟合表明,溪龙乡种植区有机质含量表现出中等空间相关性,而其他3个种植区表现出强烈的空间相关性;(3)各种植区土壤有机质的空间分布以结构性因子(土壤理化性质、地形地貌)为基础,受人类活动、经营模式、茶园管理等随机性因子影响,整体趋势上表现出局部变异的特征。     

Full waveform inversion and the truncated Newton method: quantitative imaging of complex subsurface structures

Full waveform inversion is a powerful tool for quantitative seismic imaging from wide‐azimuth seismic data. The method is based on the minimization of the misfit between observed and simulated data. This amounts to the solution of a large‐scale nonlinear minimization problem. The inverse Hessian operator plays a crucial role in this reconstruction process. Accounting accurately for the effect of this operator within the minimization scheme should correct for illumination deficits, restore the amplitude of the subsurface parameters, and help to remove artefacts generated by energetic multiple reflections. Conventional minimization methods (nonlinear conjugate gradient, quasi‐Newton methods) only roughly approximate the effect of this operator. In this study, we are interested in the truncated Newton minimization method. These methods are based on the computation of the model update through a matrix‐free conjugate gradient solution of the Newton linear system. We present a feasible implementation of this method for the full waveform inversion problem, based on a second‐order adjoint state formulation for the computation of Hessian‐vector products. We compare this method with conventional methods within the context of 2D acoustic frequency full waveform inversion for the reconstruction of P‐wave velocity models. Two test cases are investigated. The first is the synthetic BP 2004 model, representative of the Gulf of Mexico geology with high velocity contrasts associated with the presence of salt structures. The second is a 2D real data‐set from the Valhall oil field in North sea. Although, from a computational cost point of view, the truncated Newton method appears to be more expensive than conventional optimization algorithms, the results emphasize its increased robustness. A better reconstruction of the P‐wave velocity model is provided when energetic multiple reflections make it difficult to interpret the seismic data. A better trade‐off between regularization and resolution is obtained when noise contamination of the data requires one to regularize the solution of the inverse problem.     

Anisotropic effective conductivity in fractured rocks by explicit effective medium methods

In this work, we assess the use of explicit methods for estimating the effective conductivity of anisotropic fractured media. Explicit methods are faster and simpler to use than implicit methods but may have a more limited range of validity. Five explicit methods are considered: the Maxwell approximation, the T‐matrix method, the symmetric and asymmetric weakly self‐consistent methods, and the weakly differential method, where the two latter methods are novelly constructed in this paper. For each method, we develop simplified expressions applicable to flat spheroidal “penny‐shaped” inclusions. The simplified expressions are accurate to the first order in the ratio of fracture thickness to fracture diameter. Our analysis shows that the conductivity predictions of the methods fall within known upper and lower bounds, except for the T‐matrix method at high fracture densities and the symmetric weakly self‐consistent method when applied to very thin fractures. Comparisons with numerical results show that all the methods give reliable estimates for small fracture densities. For high fracture densities, the weakly differential method is the most accurate if the fracture geometry is non‐percolating or the fracture/matrix conductivity contrast is small. For percolating conductive fracture networks, we have developed a scaling relation that can be applied to the weakly self‐consistent methods to give conductivity estimates that are close to the results from numerical simulations.     

珠穆朗玛峰北坡绒布冰川表面辐射特征观测研究

在资料比较稀少的偏远山地冰川进行地面综合气象观测对于研究冰川变化极其重要.珠穆朗玛峰(27.98°N,86.92°E,海拔8844.43 m)地区位于青藏高原南部边缘喜马拉雅山脉中段,自然地理条件独特,环境脆弱,是气候变化和环境变迁的敏感区,同时也是现代冰川作用中心.2005年5-7月和2007年10月-2008年1月在珠穆朗玛峰北坡东绒布冰川积累区(28°01'N,86°57'E,海拔6560 m)开展了综合气象观测研究.分析表明,在东绒布冰川积累区春末夏初月平均气温从5月的-11.3℃上升到7月的-3.4℃,秋冬季月平均气温则从10月的-11.3℃下降到次年1月的-19.0℃.秋冬季主要受西风气流影响,盛行西风或西北风,而且风速较大,1月最大风速达到35 m/s;而在印度季风爆发后主要以南风或西南风为主,风速相对较小.由于海拔高、冰雪面与云之间的多重反射以及复杂地形影响导致地面总辐射较大.春末夏初和秋冬季总辐射平均值分别达到635和502 W/m2.尤其造成5-6月正午前后10 min短波辐射平均值发生超太阳常数的现象比较频繁,最长持续时间接近3 h.晴天由于周围地形作用可使地面总辐射增加140-310 W/m2,约占短波辐射的10%-23%.春末夏初和秋冬季平均反射率分别为0.72和0.69.云和空气湿度对大气长波辐射的影响比较显著,导致大气长波辐射同样具有日变化特征.在地表辐射平衡中云对地面净辐射起负效应.除在秋冬季阴天日平均净辐射为负值外,其余时间均为正值,说明净辐射是地表能量的主要来源.     

渭河流域2008年1月连阴雪天气过程成因分析

针对2008年6月29日下午到夜间,发生在山西省忻州市神池、五寨、原平等县（市）一带的严重局部冰雹天气过程,利用天气环流形势,各种物理量特征,分析其成因。指出：a）500hPa蒙古东部的冷涡东移,冷空气叠加在850hPa暖脊上,产生上冷下暖的位势不稳定能量。b）前期先导槽的滑过,使低层增湿,潜在不稳定度增大。c）降雹区域沙氏指数、K指数等都符合山西降雹标准。d）850hPa-500hPa有较强垂直风切变,使动力不稳定能量加强,为冰雹天气发生发展提供了必要条件。e）特别是山区由于海拔高,山脉阻挡,气流辐合上升,容易产生局地强对流,诱发雹云生成,出现冰雹天气。     

梅雨锋上三类暴雨特征的数值模拟比较研究

中国暴雨的地域性、时间性特征明显,尤其是暴雨多发区--长江流域,沿江不同地段暴雨成因各异.为综合研究长江不同地域暴雨特征和形成规律,利用我国新一代暴雨数值模式AREM对梅雨锋东端(116°E以东)初生气旋类暴雨、β中尺度深对流类暴雨和梅雨锋西端"北槽南涡"类暴雨的典型个例进行了数值模拟.通过诊断分析和比较研究,初步揭示了三类暴雨在结构和形成机制等方面的主要差异.结果表明:(1)梅雨锋上生成并发展的α中尺度气旋是造成梅雨锋东端初生气旋类暴雨的系统.强盛时,系统的垂直上升运动伸展不高,正涡度柱、辐合层以及最大加热和增湿均位于中低层.(2)β中尺度深对流类暴雨发生时梅雨锋区的南北温差很小.在低空辐合风场作用下,强位势不稳定能量的释放导致了β中尺度深对流系统的发生与发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱和上升运动柱贯穿对流层,深厚的辐合层达到了中层,最大加热出现在中高层.(3)"北槽南涡"类暴雨是在青藏高原大地形作用下高低空系统有利配置的结果."北槽南涡"的天气系统配置有利于低层辐合的加强和位势不稳定能量的释放,使低层涡旋向中高层强烈发展.强盛时,系统的正涡度柱贯穿对流层,积云对流发展强烈,最强上升运动和最大加热层都位于中层.     

行为地理学研究的方法论问题

行为地理学研究正成为人文地理学的一大热点。时代呼唤具有中国特色的行为地理学研究理论与方法。文章探讨行为地理学研究中的方法论问题,强调微观个体行为与整体社会的结合、短期行为与长期行为的结合、主观能动性与客观制约的结合、定量研究与质性分析的结合等,并试图提出一个行为研究的整体性框架。     

Evaluation of Smart Low-carbon Development in Major Chinese Cities

This study chose major Chinese cities and used the creative model of Smart Low-carbon Strength Quotient (SLSQ) to investigate the level and state of urban smart low-carbon development. The results show that: (1) three main categories of smart low-carbon cities are found; namely, leaders with high SLSQ, steady ones with average SLSQ and lagging ones with low SLSQ; (2) the SLSQ level shows a spatial change trend of diminishing from the southeast to the northwest and differing within regions; (3) the SLSQ level indicates an urban scale change trend of decreasing from the big to the small and differing within each scale; (4) the SLSQ level suggests an administrative hierarchy change trend of descending from the high to the low and differing within each class; (5) based on the SLSQ, three dynamic patterns were identified: leading mode, steady mode and preparing mode, among which the steady mode accounts for the vast majority of smart low-carbon development in major Chinese cities.     

安徽狸桥地区晚石炭世硅质岩的发现及其地质意义

安徽狸桥地区出露一套硅质建造,其赋存于黄龙组灰岩与五通组石英砂岩之间,呈层状产出,显微镜下主要由隐晶质石英组成,具角砾结构,未见硅质生物,局部有硅化、褐铁矿化现象。其地球化学特征显示,本区硅质岩Si O2含量为93.57%~98.06%(平均为97.22%),∑REE含量低,为4.89×10~(-6)~18.40×10~(-6)(平均为11.29×10~(-6)),δCe为0.50~0.68(平均为0.58),呈负异常,δEu为1.13~2.98(平均为1.49),呈明显的正异常。Al/(Al+Fe+Mn)值为0.11~0.64(平均为0.45),Al_2O_3,TiO_2与Si O2相关性较差,而Fe2O3和Si O2呈明显的正相关。结合双变量SiO_2-Al_2O_3、SiO_2-MgO,三变量Al-Fe-Mn,Fe-Mn-(Ni+Co+Cu)×10图解,指示其为热水沉积成因;其δEu、Mn O/TiO_2、Fe2O3/TiO_2和Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)值分析,其沉积环境为远离陆源物质供给的大陆边缘,受到强烈的热水活动影响。综上表明:晚石炭世时期,狸桥地区处于受基底深断裂及同沉积断裂控制的二级断陷盆地内,可能由于地壳的持续拉张、减薄,导致火山热液或喷气活动沿基底深断裂在海底火山喷发间歇式或旋回期发生热水喷流作用,形成了具有热水喷流沉积成因的角砾状硅质岩。这一发现对于长江中下游地区晚古生代热水沉积硅质岩的研究提供一定的借鉴,也为长江中下游地区至少在石炭纪时存在一定的热水活动提供了有利的证据。