造山带复理石区海底扇法填图的必要性

在造山带复理石区的新一轮地质大调查中,要求动用海底扇法填图来解决过去区调工作中有解决的问题。１：２５万甘孜县辐区调的实践证明在造山带复理石区填图中海底扇法是一种比层育地层学更可行、更有效、更直观的方法。     

甘肃酒泉盆地河流地貌与新构造运动

通过对甘肃酒泉盆地北大河、洪水坝河、丰乐河、马营河的阶地进行了野外形态量计,获得了它们的阶地纵剖面,对洪水坝河的阶地年龄进行了测定和估计,并通过卫星像片解译对这些河流的洪积扇进行了制图。作者认为酒泉盆地河流阶地纵剖面的形态和洪积扇的迁移受断层控制,河流在距今大约16万年和4万年发生的两次由加积转化为下切的事件可能代表两次构造抬升相对强烈时期。     

小江流域泥石流堆积扇形成的制约因素及其特征

在系统分析了各种因素对泥石流堆积扇形成影响的基础上,提出流域腹地中流域面积、沟床比降和堆积区主河河谷宽度及主河能量等因素对泥石流堆积扇发育的影响较大。结合TM卫星影象和1:5万地形图,解译了小江流域内泥石流堆积扇的范围。在此基础上,统计了流域腹地内两大重要条件-流域面积和沟床比降与堆积扇面积之间的关系。在小江流域,堆积扇的面积随流域面积的增加而增加,二者之间是正的指数关系;而堆积扇面积与沟床比降之间可用一个负的指数关系式表达。最后,堆积区特征对小江流域泥石流堆积扇的影响主要是其堆积空间限制了大型堆积扇,比如蒋家沟泥石流堆积扇的发展。     

浊流沉积研究的新进展:鲍马序列、海底扇的重新审视

本文在总结前人对浊流沉积研究的基础上,分析前人对浊流与浊积岩、浊流沉积与浊流相模式的对应关系之间的认识,并对鲍马序列进行重新审视。在海底扇研究过程中,鲍马序列已经不能充分反映浊流沉积的全过程。鲍马序列所反应的沉积模式其实是由碎屑流、浊流、底流等多种形式流体组合和改造后的结果,海底扇沉积模式不能笼统归结为浊流沉积作用的结果。在完善重力流、底流等沉积作用的同时,建立一个与沉积作用相互联系的深海沉积系统,以对深海研究提供更好地指导和预测。     

辽河油田锦99块扇三角洲前缘储层层次分析

辽河油田锦99块沙河街组四段上亚段杜家台油层是典型的扇三角洲前缘沉积,主要由扇三角洲前缘水下分流河道和河道砂坝组成。依据高分辨率层序地层学和储层构型理论,采用层次分析方法,对锦99块沙四上亚段扇三角洲前缘砂体构型界面进行了层次表征。综合利用岩心资料和测井资料,识别出11种岩相类型和4种岩相组合。根据高频湖泛面、冲刷面、粒序突变面和岩相转换面将沙四上亚段Ⅰ3砂层组和Ⅱ1砂层组划分为6个短期旋回、15个超短期旋回。在等时格架内,建立了扇三角洲前缘储层5级构型界面层次,层次界面以三级和四级为主,四级界面分布较稳定,三级界面零星分布。总结出两种层次界面分布模式:较稳定分布的界面和随机型分布的界面。储层层次分析为研究区构型约束建模提供了依据。     

准噶尔盆地北缘山前带沉积物源及相模式研究--以哈拉阿拉特山前缘春晖探区为例

准噶尔盆地北缘山前带是我国目前油气勘探的一个重点领域.为了深入探讨山前带沉积研究中存在的疑问,以准北缘哈拉阿拉特山山前春晖探区为对象,综合利用岩芯、钻测井资料及大量沉积学实验手段,对其侏罗系八道湾组沉积特征及物源方向进行研究,证实了该区粗碎屑沉积物主要来自北西方向的哈山山区,属于典型的近源沉积.通过构造、沉积演化史分析与现代沉积考察相结合的方法,总结出了山前带近源砾石高磨圆度的两类成因,分别对应于砾石形成期的滨海环境以及再搬运沉积期的湿地扇环境,最终建立了春晖探区八道湾组湿润型冲积扇沉积相模式.     

渤南洼陷北部陡坡带沙四上亚段成岩演化及其对储层物性的影响

综合利用岩芯观察、岩石铸体薄片、流体包裹体、岩芯实测物性并结合埋藏史分析,对渤南洼陷北部陡坡带沙四上亚段砂砾岩储层的成岩演化和物性演化特征进行了研究.结果表明:储层经历了强烈压实、碳酸盐灰泥重结晶、多期胶结和溶解以及复杂交代等成岩演化过程.结合成岩环境演化特征,认为储层经历了多期酸碱交替的流体演化,在同一成岩环境演化背景下,由于近岸水下扇不同亚(微)相沉积特征差异性,控制了不同亚(微)相成岩演化特征的差异性,并决定了其物性演化的差异性.采用反演回剥的方法对地史时期近岸水下扇砂砾岩储层的物性进行了恢复,可知对储层物性演化起到重要影响的有压实作用、碳酸盐胶结、碳酸盐灰泥重结晶作用、酸性溶解及油气充注,并建立了近岸水下扇不同亚(微)相储层物性演化模式:扇根砾岩在埋藏过程中成岩作用以压实作用和灰泥杂基重结晶作用为主,溶解作用微弱,物性持续降低,在中深层灰泥杂基的重结晶作用使扇根砾岩物性快速降低,现今物性极差,主要发育干层.扇中辫状水道距泥岩层较远的储层,由于两期酸性溶解对储层的改造以及油气充注对胶结作用的抑制,中深层仍发育大量原生孔隙和次生孔隙,储层物性较好,可作为良好的油气储集层.扇中辫状水道距泥岩层较近的储层、扇中水道间和扇缘储层成岩作用以强烈胶结作用和交代作用为主要特征,现今物性差,主要发育干层.     

江苏高邮凹陷深凹带古近系戴南组地震沉积学

江苏高邮凹陷石油地质条件优越,但构造复杂,沉积类型多样,砂体沉积厚度薄,横向变化快。根据地震沉积学基 本原理与方法,在等时层序地层格架内,运用90°相位转化、分频处理、属性优选及地层切片等关键技术,对高邮凹陷深凹 带戴南组储集砂体进行了识别与描述。通过对典型地层切片进行精细地质解释与标定,明确各沉积体系发育特征及其演化 规律,并最终建立了适用于断陷湖盆沉积充填的沉积模式。     

Evidence for multiple Quaternary ice advances and fan development from the Amundsen Gulf cross-shelf trough and slope,Canadian Beaufort Sea margin

The seismic stratigraphy and sedimentary architecture of the Amundsen Gulf Trough and adjacent slope, Canadian Beaufort Sea margin, are investigated using a grid of 2-D seismic reflection data. The inner-shelf of the Amundsen Gulf Trough is interpreted to be composed predominantly of exposed or near-surface bedrock, overlain by a spatially-discontinuous veneer of glacimarine to open-marine sediment. There is a seaward transition from exposed bedrock on the inner-shelf to a thick (up to 500 m) outer-shelf prograding wedge of acoustically semi-transparent sediment. Eight seismic sequences, divided into four megasequences, are described from the outer-shelf stratigraphy. Eight till sheets are identified from Megasequences A to C, providing evidence for at least eight Quaternary ice-stream advances through the Amundsen Gulf Trough to the shelf break. A trough-mouth fan with a minimum volume of about 10,000 km³ is present on the adjacent slope. The Amundsen Gulf ice stream probably represented the most northwesterly marine-terminating ice stream of the Laurentide Ice Sheet through much of the Quaternary, providing a major route for ice and sediment transfer to the Arctic Ocean. The youngest till sheet within the Amundsen Gulf Trough, Megasequence D, was probably deposited by a subsidiary ice stream, the Anderson ice stream, subsequent to retreat of the last, Late Wisconsinan Amundsen Gulf ice stream. This provides evidence of dynamic ice-sheet behaviour and the reorganisation of the northwest Laurentide Ice Sheet margin during the last deglaciation. A number of buried glacigenic landforms, including palaeo-shelf break gullies and a grounding-zone wedge with a volume of 90 km³, are described from the Amundsen Gulf Trough stratigraphy. Lateral grounding-zone wedges are identified at the northern and southern lateral margins of the Amundsen Gulf and M'Clure Strait troughs, respectively, and are interpreted to have been formed roughly contemporaneously by ice streams in Amundsen Gulf and M'Clure Strait.     

Ecological restoration in the deep sea: Desiderata

An era of expanding deep-ocean industrialization is before us, with policy makers establishing governance frameworks for sustainable management of deep-sea resources while scientists learn more about the ecological structure and functioning of the largest biome on the planet. Missing from discussion of the stewardship of the deep ocean is ecological restoration. If existing activities in the deep sea continue or are expanded and new deep-ocean industries are developed, there is need to consider what is required to minimize or repair resulting damages to the deep-sea environment. In addition, thought should be given as to how any past damage can be rectified. This paper develops the discourse on deep-sea restoration and offers guidance on planning and implementing ecological restoration projects for deep-sea ecosystems that are already, or are at threat of becoming, degraded, damaged or destroyed. Two deep-sea restoration case studies or scenarios are described (deep-sea stony corals on the Darwin Mounds off the west coast of Scotland, deep-sea hydrothermal vents in Manus Basin, Papua New Guinea) and are contrasted with on-going saltmarsh restoration in San Francisco Bay. For these case studies, a set of socio-economic, ecological, and technological decision parameters that might favor (or not) their restoration are examined. Costs for hypothetical restoration scenarios in the deep sea are estimated and first indications suggest they may be two to three orders of magnitude greater per hectare than costs for restoration efforts in shallow-water marine systems.