全文获取类型
收费全文 | 1206篇 |
免费 | 62篇 |
国内免费 | 67篇 |
专业分类
测绘学 | 9篇 |
大气科学 | 68篇 |
地球物理 | 385篇 |
地质学 | 392篇 |
海洋学 | 59篇 |
天文学 | 175篇 |
综合类 | 50篇 |
自然地理 | 197篇 |
出版年
2023年 | 9篇 |
2022年 | 13篇 |
2021年 | 28篇 |
2020年 | 28篇 |
2019年 | 36篇 |
2018年 | 29篇 |
2017年 | 23篇 |
2016年 | 31篇 |
2015年 | 23篇 |
2014年 | 85篇 |
2013年 | 78篇 |
2012年 | 33篇 |
2011年 | 44篇 |
2010年 | 46篇 |
2009年 | 85篇 |
2008年 | 121篇 |
2007年 | 74篇 |
2006年 | 67篇 |
2005年 | 75篇 |
2004年 | 54篇 |
2003年 | 43篇 |
2002年 | 46篇 |
2001年 | 39篇 |
2000年 | 41篇 |
1999年 | 33篇 |
1998年 | 38篇 |
1997年 | 18篇 |
1996年 | 15篇 |
1995年 | 13篇 |
1994年 | 18篇 |
1993年 | 11篇 |
1992年 | 6篇 |
1991年 | 3篇 |
1990年 | 5篇 |
1989年 | 3篇 |
1988年 | 4篇 |
1987年 | 4篇 |
1986年 | 3篇 |
1985年 | 1篇 |
1984年 | 1篇 |
1983年 | 2篇 |
1982年 | 1篇 |
1981年 | 1篇 |
1980年 | 2篇 |
1976年 | 1篇 |
1954年 | 1篇 |
排序方式: 共有1335条查询结果,搜索用时 15 毫秒
101.
We explore the relationship between the metallicity of the intracluster gas in clusters of galaxies, determined by X-ray spectroscopy, and the presence of cooling flows. Using ASCA spectra and ROSAT images, we demonstrate a clear segregation between the metallicities of clusters with and without cooling flows. On average, cooling-flow clusters have an emission-weighted metallicity a factor ∼ 1.8 times higher than that of non-cooling-flow systems. We suggest that this is caused by the presence of metallicity gradients in the cooling-flow clusters, coupled with the sharply peaked X-ray surface brightness profiles of these systems. Non-cooling-flow clusters have much flatter X-ray surface brightness distributions and are thought to have undergone recent merger events, which may have mixed the central high-metallicity gas with the surrounding less metal-rich material. We find no evidence for evolution in the emission-weighted metallicities of clusters within z ∼ 0.3. 相似文献
102.
A detailed barotropic, baroclinic and combined barotropic-baroclinic stability analysis has been carried out with mean monsoon
zonal currents over western India, eastern India and S.E. Asia. The lower and middle tropospheric zonal wind profiles over
western India are barotropically unstable. The structure and growth rate of these modes agree well with the observed features
of the midtropospheric cyclones. Similar profiles over eastern India and S.E. Asia, however, are barotropically stable. This
is attributed to weak horizontal shear, inherent to these profiles. The upper tropospheric profiles, on the other hand, are
barotropically unstable throughout the whole region. The features of these unstable modes agree with those of observed easterly
waves. The baroclinic and combined barotropic-baroclinic stability analyses show that the baroclinic effects are not important
in tropics.
Though the barotropic instability of the mean zonal current seems to be res ponsible for the initial growth of the mid-tropospheric
cyclones, neither barotropic nor baroclinic instability of the mean zonal current seem to explain the observed features of
the monsoon depressions. 相似文献
103.
Thomas C. Pierson 《地球表面变化过程与地形》1980,5(3):227-247
The grass-covered slopes on the southern flank of Mt Thomas, an upfaulted block of highly sheared sandstone and argillite 40 km NW of Christchurch, New Zealand, are presently undergoing severe erosion by a combination of mass-wasting processes. Gully erosion, soil slips, and debris flows have carved out a number of steep, deeply incised ravines, from which coarse debris is transported (primarily by debris flows) to alluvial fans below. Geologic and historical evidence indicates that debris flows have been episodically active here for at least the last 20,000 years and have been the dominant process in fan building. This demonstrates that catastrophic geomorphic processes, rather than processes acting at relatively uniform rates, can be dominant in humid-temperate areas as well as in arid and semi-arid regions. In April 1978, debris flows were triggered in one of two unstable ravines in the Bullock Creek catchment by a moderate intensity, long duration rainstorm with a return period in excess of 20 years. Surges of fluid debris, moving at velocities up to 5 m/s, transported a dense slurry of gravel, sand, and mud up to 3·5 km over a vertical fall of 600 m. Deposition on the alluvial fan occurred when the flows left the confines of an entrenched fan-head channel and spread out as a 0·16 km2 sheet averaging 1·2 m thick. In all, 195,000 m3 were deposited, roughly a third of that being reworked sediments from the head of the fan. Sediment yield from this one event would be equivalent to several thousand years worth of erosion at average sediment discharge rates for small South Island mountain catchments. Samples of viscous fluid debris during surges contained up to 84 per cent solids, composed of 70 per cent gravel, 20 per cent silt, and 4 per cent clay. Fluid density of the material ranged between 1·95 and 2·13 g/cm3, and it was extremely poorly sorted. Between surges the fluid was less viscous, less dense, and unable to carry gravel in suspension. Severe fan-head entrenchment of the stream channel (approximately 10 m in less than 24 hours) was accomplished by the erosive action of the surges. Tectonic uplift of the Mt Thomas block and the weak, crushed condition of the bedrock appear to be ultimately responsible for the catastropic erosion of slopes in the Bullock Creek catchment. However, forest clearing within the last few centuries appears to have greatly increased the rate of mass wasting and gully erosion on these slopes. 相似文献
104.
Simulation of large deformation and post‐failure of geomaterial in the framework of smoothed particle hydrodynamics (SPH) are presented in this study. The Drucker–Prager model with associated and non‐associated plastic flow rules is implemented into the SPH code to describe elastic–plastic soil behavior. In contrast to previous work on SPH for solids, where the hydrostatic pressure is often estimated from density by an equation of state, this study proposes to calculate the hydrostatic pressure of soil directly from constitutive models. Results obtained in this paper show that the original SPH method, which has been successfully applied to a vast range of problems, is unable to directly solve elastic–plastic flows of soil because of the so‐called SPH tensile instability. This numerical instability may result in unrealistic fracture and particles clustering in SPH simulation. For non‐cohesive soil, the instability is not serious and can be completely removed by using a tension cracking treatment from soil constitutive model and thereby give realistic soil behavior. However, the serious tensile instability that is found in SPH application for cohesive soil requires a special treatment to overcome this problem. In this paper, an artificial stress method is applied to remove the SPH numerical instability in cohesive soil. A number of numerical tests are carried out to check the capability of SPH in the current application. Numerical results are then compared with experimental and finite element method solutions. The good agreement obtained from these comparisons suggests that SPH can be extended to general geotechnical problems. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
105.
Zhi-Jian Luo Cheng-Gang Shu 《中国天文和天体物理学报》2007,7(4):590-594
According to the new preheating mechanism of galaxy formation suggested by Mo et al., we construct a simple model of formation of disk galaxies within the current paradigm of galaxy formation. It incorporates preheating, gas cooling, bulge formation and star for-mation. The predicted stellar and HI mass functions of galaxies are discussed and compared with the observations. It is found that our model can roughly match both the observed galaxy luminosity function and the observed HI-mass function. 相似文献
106.
We present a direct comparison between two different techniques: time-distance helioseismology and a local correlation tracking
method for measuring mass flows in the solar photosphere and in a near-surface layer. We applied both methods to the same
dataset (MDI high-cadence Dopplergrams covering almost the entire Carrington rotation 1974) and compared the results. We found
that, after necessary corrections, the vector flow fields obtained by these techniques are very similar. The median difference
between directions of corresponding vectors is 24°, and the correlation coefficients of the results for mean zonal and meridional
flows are 0.98 and 0.88, respectively. The largest discrepancies are found in areas of small velocities where the inaccuracies
of the computed vectors play a significant role. The good agreement of these two methods increases confidence in the reliability
of large-scale synoptic maps obtained by them. 相似文献
107.
108.
We investigate the possibility of explaining the observed ripples in the X-ray gas in the Perseus and Virgo clusters through
natural oscillations of a perturbed radio cocoon. Such a perturbation would result from an expanding overpressured cocoon
of radio plasma overshooting its pressure equilibrium point with the cluster gas. The oscillations are heavily acoustically
damped, and energy injection rates required to sustain them are consistent with observed AGN powers. Viscous dissipation of
sound waves generated by these oscillations heats the cluster gas. By comparing our model with observations in Perseus and
Virgo, we reproduce the observed ripple separations and amplitudes. Spitzer viscosity is largely sufficient in explaining
the gas density profile, suggesting that thermal conductivity is likely to be heavily suppressed. In the central regions,
viscous heating can suppress cooling flows on timescales exceeding the radio source lifetime. 相似文献
109.
Paul A. Russell Trevor J. Ponman Alastair J. R. Sanderson 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2007,378(4):1217-1228
We present an X-ray analysis of the radio-quiet cool-core galaxy group NGC 4325 ( z = 0.026) based on Chandra and ROSAT observations. The Chandra data were analysed using xspec deprojection, 2D spectral mapping and forward-fitting with parametric models. Additionally, a Markov Chain Monte Carlo method was used to perform a joint Bayesian analysis of the Chandra and ROSAT data. The results of the various analysis methods are compared, particularly those obtained by forward-fitting and deprojection. The spectral mapping reveals the presence of cool gas displaced up to 10 kpc from the group centre. The Chandra X-ray surface brightness shows the group core to be highly disturbed, and indicates the presence of two small X-ray cavities within 15 kpc of the group core. The xspec deprojection analysis shows that the group has a particularly steep entropy profile, suggesting that an active galactic nucleus (AGN) outburst may be about to occur. With the evidence of prior AGN activity, but with no radio emission currently observed, we suggest that the group in a pre-outburst state, with the cavities and displaced gas providing evidence of a previous, weak AGN outburst. 相似文献
110.
We present a new experimental platform for studies of turbulence and turbulent mixing in accelerating and rotating fluids.
The technology is based on the ultra-high performance optical holographic digital data storage. The state-of-the-art electro-mechanical,
electronic, and laser components allow for realization of turbulent flows with high Reynolds number (>107) in a relatively small form-factor, and quantification of their properties with extremely high spatio-temporal resolutions
and high data acquisition rates. The technology can be applied for investigation of a large variety of hydrodynamic problems
including the fundamental properties of non-Kolmogorov turbulence and turbulent mixing in accelerating, rotating and multiphase
flows, magneto-hydrodynamics, and laboratory astrophysics. Unique experimental and metrological capabilities enable the studies
of spatial and temporal properties of the transports of momentum, angular momentum, and energy and the identification of scalings,
invariants, and statistical properties of these complex turbulent flows. 相似文献