面向开发利用的广东省海湾分类及变化分析

海湾是镶嵌在海岸线上的明珠,是人类开发海洋和进入内陆的桥头堡,其分类方法多样,大体是从自然属性或地貌的角度出发的.随着人类经济开发强度的加大,针对海湾开发利用的分类方法成为开发规划或管理的重要科学基础.为此,就海湾滩涂开发利用与管理考虑,提出了确定海湾范围的标准及海湾分类的定量指标,完成了对广东海湾的分类.并以此为基础,利用多时期的遥感解译数据,分析了各种类型海湾20年来的开发利用变化,得到的结果与海湾实际情况相符,即广东海湾的岸线曲折度整体增加,说明海湾岸线在后退情况下,并没有趋于平直化.而是由于有些岸段的侵蚀加剧而使得海湾岸线的曲率变大.而广东海湾受围海造田、淤积等因素影响大多海湾在岸线后退的情况下海湾水域面积却在减少.因此,在以后的海湾开发利用中,应合理规划,保护海湾的生态平衡,促进海湾的健康发展.     

Composition and sources of organic matter and its solvent extractable components in surface sediments of a bay under serious anthropogenic influences: Daya Bay, China

Organic matter of nine surface sediments from the Daya Bay was Soxhlet-extracted with a mixture of 2:1 (v/v) dichloromethane-methanol and separated into five fractions: non-aromatic hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, ketones, alcohols, and fatty acids and asphaltenes, and analyzed to determine their bulk and biomarker composition. Marine autogenic input appears to be a major source of organic matter. Generally, non-aromatic hydrocarbons are the most dominant fraction of solvent-extractable organic matter (EOM) followed by the other four fractions in decreasing amounts: fatty acids and asphaltenes, ketones, alcohols and aromatic hydrocarbons. On average, both non-aromatic hydrocarbon fraction and fatty acid and asphaltene fraction account for approximately 40% of EOM. The sources of acyclic methyl ketones, alkanols and fatty acids were examined. For n-alkan-2-ones, allochthonous input is a more important source than marine autogenetic input; the reverse is true for n-fatty acids; for n-alkanols, allochthonous and autogenetic inputs seem comparable. Both n-alkan-2-ones and n-fatty acids in the surface sediments of different areas appear to be derived from common sources.     

胶州湾海水中悬浮颗粒对溶解态微量元素的影响

运用离子色谱离线螯合结合ICP-MS的方法,对胶州湾海水中的微量元素(V,Co,Ni,Cu,Mo,Cd,Pb,U,REEs)进行了精确的定量分析。在测试前对在同一站位不同层位采集的平行海水样品进行了两种不同的酸化处理:一份采取先过滤后酸化的方式,以获得海水中溶解态微量元素的含量;另一份采取直接酸化后分析的方式,以评估悬浮颗粒中的可交换态微量元素对溶解态微量元素测定结果可能造成的影响。通过对比研究发现,不同处理方法得到的V、Ni、Cu、Co、Pb以及稀土元素(REEs)的质量浓度存在很大差异,说明悬浮颗粒物质可能对海水中相应元素的测定产生较大的影响。各种微量元素之间的差异和相应离子或离子团的电荷性质、在海水中的配位作用以及悬浮颗粒物质的表面电荷性质有关。初步研究结果表明,在类似于胶州湾这样的近海海域,悬浮颗粒物质是控制微量元素分布特征的一个重要因素。     

2011～2012年度大亚湾海域浮游植物群落的季节变化

于2011年12月至2012年11月采集了大亚湾海域9个站位表层水样, 对大亚湾海域的浮游植物群落结构进行了周年调查。本次调查共鉴定出浮游植物93种, 其中硅藻门40属55种, 甲藻14属33种。秋季浮游植物种类较为丰富, 春季和夏季较低。浮游植物细胞密度为41～396个/mL, 年平均值为72.5个/mL。浮游植物细胞密度夏季较高, 春季较低。硅藻是浮游植物优势类群, 年均占浮游植物总细胞密度的83.6%, 优势硅藻主要有拟菱形藻(Pseudo-nitzschia spp.)、丹麦细柱藻(Leptocylindrus danicus)、中肋骨条藻(Skeletonema costatum)等。甲藻细胞密度一般较低, 各季节甲藻的百分比含量为1.5%～32.6%, 春季血红哈卡藻(Akashiwo sanguinea)大量出现, 最大细胞密度高达82.3 个/mL。浮游植物种类多样性指数(H′)和均匀度(J)在冬季和秋季较高, 夏季较低; 远岸站点较高, 近岸站点较低。研究结果说明虽然大亚湾浮游植物群落结构仍以硅藻占据优势, 但甲藻种类与数量及百分比具有明显上升的趋势, 同时近岸海域的富营养化导致了浮游植物种类多样性的下降。     

海湾健康的概念和评估:数值模型在乐清湾健康评估中的作用

本文引入数值化海湾健康理论,提出三维数值化海湾健康评估方法以评估和预测海湾健康动态。选用五个指标组用以构建数值化海湾健康指标体系,包括地理指标组、水动力和泥沙动态指标组、生态指标组、水质指标组和社会经济指标组,用以评估自然过程和社会经济对海湾健康的影响。每一指标组中包括不同数量的二级指标。根据二级指标的不同重要性,运用层次分析法对其赋予不同的权重。指标的数据来源于三维数值模型和观测数据。三维数值模型能够为海湾健康评估提供更加全面、完整和详细的数据,并且可以提供预测数据。以乐清湾为例,数值化海湾健康评估方法成功应用于其健康评估过程。基于评估结果,乐清湾口门处表层水体的地理环境是健康的,水动力过程和泥沙动态过程属于亚健康状态,水质和生态环境处于不健康状态。总体而言,乐清湾的海湾健康评估结果为亚健康状态。     

大亚湾核电站邻近埔渔洲红树林区软体动物生态研究

本文研究了大亚湾埔渔洲红树林区软体动物种类组成,数量分布和群落结构特点,报道软体动物已鉴定有35种,主要由樱蛤科、帘蛤科和汇螺科组成;按种类性质,大多属于广温广盐广布种。平均生物量为51.15g/㎡,平均栖息密度为58个/㎡,群落可划分高、中、低3个分布带,同时简要地分析了生物群落与环境因子的关系。     

大亚湾水温层化的季节性突变

大亚湾是粤东的一个山地溺谷湾,1987～1989年间我们采用锚碇AANDERAA自记仪器,在大亚湾近湾口处C_2、C_4两站(图1)分别进行了多层次逐时水温连续观测,两次记录了夏秋之交水温分层状态演变过程的时间序列,发现每年9月上、中旬大亚湾水温层化状态有一突变,从垂直分层过度到垂直均一状态,该过度过程历时短暂,仅数天时间。     

Macrobenthos of Kakinada Bay in the Godavari delta, East coast of India: comparing decadal changes

A one-year study (1995–1996) on the macrobenthos over a spread of (37) hydrographically differing GPS-fixed sites in Kakinada Bay (mean salinity 27.16±0.4) and adjacent mangrove channels (14.78±0.55) in the Godavari delta, one of India's largest estuarine systems, revealed a great preponderance of benthic life. There were 11 diverse taxa represented by 95 species collected through several (303) grab and dredge hauls. Based on Bray-Curtis similarity through hierarchical clustering implemented in PRIMER, it was possible to distinguish the benthos into four assemblages each of which represented sites in the Central and North bay (Paphia textrix – Typhlocarcinus sp. Assemblage), South-East bay (Protankyra similis – Paphia malabarica Assemblage), Mangrove Outlets (Cerithidea cingulata Assemblage) and Mangrove channels (Diopatra neapolitana Assemblage). Benthos densities (mean nos. dredge haul⁻¹) were highest (299 individuals) at sites close to mangrove outlets. Species diversity (Margalef, d; Shannon-Wiener, H′) was low in general (d 1.244 to 2.251 and H′ 0.038 to 1.502). Sediments were mostly clayey-silt in nature except in southeast bay where they are silt-sand. Organic matter (mean) was at or near 1.3%. The observations have revealed marked changes in benthic community structure relative to an earlier investigation held in 1958–1963 in this area. Over the years, species such as Turritella duplicata, Tonna dolium and Placuna placenta found in considerable numbers previously have dwindled. Anomia, Bursa and Atrina and echinoderms, Astropecten indica, Echinodiscus auritus and Temnopleurus toreumaticus and the brachiopod, Lingula sp. of common occurrence in early 60s are absent altogether attributable to long-term natural trends during the intervening years and/or events accompanying human impingement (e.g. industrial and urban growth, port expansion measures, aquaculture, mangrove denudation etc.). Despite such large-scale alterations in benthos community structure, there were no significant changes in “biodiversity” measured through Average Taxonomic Distinctness (AvTD) and Variation in Taxonomic Distinctness (VarTD). The investigation revealed that AvTD (Δ⁺) and VarTD (Λ⁺) for previous years and the present study remained well within the 95% confidence funnel implying taxonomic stability. It was found that species, which had replaced the earlier forms, were drawn from comparable (Linnean) hierarchy i.e. same phylum/class.     

波浪对稳定海湾形成过程的实验

通过一个稳定海湾形成过程的实验，研究了以波浪侵蚀为主的沙质海岸，在人工岬控制下海岸变形与波浪特性的关系。从而为海岸蚀退的预测提供了实验依据。