Overcoming Challenges Associated with the Analysis of Nacre by Atom Probe Tomography

In this study atom probe tomography was used to study nacre, an important biocomposite material that is challenging to prepare and analyse by atom probe and, when successful, yields data that is challenging to interpret. It was found that these challenges mainly arise from the insulating and heterogeneous nano‐scale properties of nacre. We outline our current best practice for preparing and running atom probe tips, such as using a low acceleration voltage (< 3 kV) and current (≤ 50 pA) to avoid damage to the microstructure, and using transmission electron microscopy to confirm that the region of interest is located close to the apex of the atom probe tip. Optimisation of the preparation parameters led to several successful atom probe experiments, with one of the data sets containing part of an organic membrane and others showing organic inclusions within the reconstruction.     

New Olivine Reference Material for In Situ Microanalysis

A new olivine reference material – MongOL Sh11‐2 – for in situ analysis has been prepared from the central portion of a large (20 × 20 × 10 cm) mantle peridotite xenolith from a ~ 0.5 My old basaltic breccia at Shavaryn‐Tsaram, Tariat region, central Mongolia. The xenolith is a fertile mantle lherzolite with minimal signs of alteration. Approximately 10 g of 0.5–2 mm gem quality olivine fragments were separated under binocular microscope and analysed by EPMA, LA‐ICP‐MS, SIMS and bulk analytical methods (ID‐ICP‐MS for Mg and Fe, XRF, ICP‐MS) for major, minor and trace elements at six institutions world‐wide. The results show that the olivine fragments are sufficiently homogeneous with respect to major (Mg, Fe, Si), minor and trace elements. Significant inhomogeneity was revealed only for phosphorus (homogeneity index of 12.4), whereas Li, Na, Al, Sc, Ti and Cr show minor inhomogeneity (homogeneity index of 1–2). The presence of some mineral and fluid‐melt micro‐inclusions may be responsible for the inconsistency in mass fractions obtained by in situ and bulk analytical methods for Al, Cu, Sr, Zr, Ga, Dy and Ho. Here we report reference and information values for twenty‐seven major, minor and trace elements.     

流沙区不同立地条件下防护林土壤微生物多样性分析

土壤微生物在极端干旱区土壤发育过程中至关重要。结合传统培养、PLFA和PCR-DGGE 3种方法,研究了塔里木沙漠公路防护林不同立地条件下土壤微生物数量、脂肪酸种类和DNA片段多样性。结果表明,不同立地条件下土壤微生物数量明显不同,脂肪酸种类和DNA片段多样性指数亦有显著差异 （F84%）,放线菌次之,真菌很少（<0.05%）;0～35 cm采样范围内,土壤微生物多样性垂直差异不明显;相关分析表明,土壤微生物多样性指数高时林木生长也较好。说明塔里木沙漠公路防护林建设后土壤生物活性明显增强,但在防护林生态工程的营造、恢复与重建实践中需考虑地形地貌因素,以充分发挥防护林防风固沙效益,有效促进流沙地土壤的发育。     

白榆、新疆杨液流动态比较研究

运用Granier热扩散式探针(TDP)法对宁夏河东沙地主要乔木树种白榆（Ulmus pumila）和新疆杨（Populus alba）夏初边材液流变化规律进行连续观测。利用自动气象站对周围气象因子如太阳辐射（Rs）、空气温度（Ta）、空气相对湿度（RH）和风速（Ws）进行同步观测,并对气象因子与白榆、新疆杨边材液流通量(Fs)的相关性进行分析。结果表明：①白榆、新疆杨边材液流速率（Vs）变化规律存在显著差异,白榆Vs主体表现为窄小双峰型,新疆杨Vs主体表现为宽峰波动型;白榆日间液流启动时间较新疆杨提前0.0~0.8 h,峰值出现时间推迟0.0~2.0 h,峰值持续时间较新疆杨缩短2.5~6.7 h,液流消退时间提前0.0~2.5 h。②白榆边材液流通量(Fs)仅为0.50 kg·h-1,而新疆杨高达1.25 kg·h-1,为白榆的2.5倍;白榆日耗水量（W）在8.81~17.73 kg·d-1之间,而新疆杨W在22.82~34.06 kg·d-1之间。③白榆、新疆杨在夜间保持一定的液流量以补充白天所耗水分,夜间水分补充量对各自日耗水量的贡献相近,为8%左右。④白榆、新疆杨Fs与气象因子关系密切,但气象因子的作用过程表现复杂。复相关分析表明：白榆、新疆杨Fs与Rs、Ta、Ws之间呈极显著正相关,与相对湿度RH呈极显著负相关,按相关程度排序为：Rs>RH>Ta>Ws。     

探针原子化石墨炉原子吸收法测定高纯金属镁中痕量铝

采用探针恒温原子化技术的石墨炉原子吸收 ,测定高纯金属镁中的痕量铝 ,利用样品中的基体镁转化成硝酸镁成为一种有效基体改进剂 ,进一步改善了铝的分析性能。实验优化了仪器条件和分析方法。结果表明 ,在有Mg(NO3) 2 存在时 ,可显著提高探针原子化测铝的灰化温度 ,降低原子化温度 ,并且使铝的灵敏度提高了 50 %。方法的检出限为 2 .2× 1 0 - 1 1 gAl,测定 50 μg/LAl标准溶液的相对标准偏差 (n =1 2 )为 3.1 %。用该法测定了 4个金属镁内部管理样品中Al的含量 ,结果与推荐值相符合 ,其RSD(n =6)为 3.4%～ 1 1 .0 %。     

条斑紫菜高纯度总DNA及其质粒状DNA的提取

提取条斑紫菜高纯度总DNA及其质粒状DNA的新方法。先用海螺酶处理紫菜叶状体制备细胞,然后用SDS-蛋白酶K裂解细胞提取总DNA,再用玻璃粉浆(glassmilk)对其纯化,经纯化后的总DNA能被EcoRI,Dral与HaeⅢ等限制酶完全酶切,并在酶切图谱上形成明显的DNA带型。当用异硫氰酸胍一十二烷基肌氨酸钠裂解紫菜细胞时,在总DNA提取物中直接发现有一条质粒状DNA带(2.3Kb),即建立了一种极简便的质粒状DNA提取方法。     

鲢序列已知标记连锁图构建及鲢-草鱼标记共线性分析

鲢、草鱼是传统池塘养殖的四大家鱼的2个重要成员,其遗传资源评估与管理、性状遗传基础研究、功能基因从头克隆等迫切需要序列已知标记连锁图谱工具。本研究将已有鲢连锁图谱新整合53个草鱼微卫星DNA标记和28个鲢InDel-RFLP标记,构建了鲢已知序列标记连锁图谱,标记数326个,达到中等密度水平。构建的图谱将为鲢、鳙资源评价和管理、性状遗传基础研究等提供工具。另外,本研究初步比较了鲢、草鱼间标记共线性排列,发现两物种染色体既存在共线性,也存在明显重排。     

基于组件模型技术的地磁数据干扰抑制系统

地磁观测数据中的人工干扰抑制等预处理工作需要一套高效、便捷、交互性好的预处理系统.将基于Matlab的核心干扰识别和抑制算法以组件对象技术的形式提供给其他编程语言调用,在系统架构上采用Windows DNA架构,在界面的开发上采用微软成熟的MFC架构.同时,给出系统架构模型及关键技术实现.该系统在实际应用中取得良好效果.     

Sensitive and rapid detection of two toxic microalgae Alexandrium by loop-mediated isothermal amplification

A loop-mediated isothermal amplification (LAMP) assay was designed and evaluated for rapid detection of the toxic microalgae Alexandrium catenella and A.minutum,which can produce paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).Two sets of four specific primers targeting these two species were derived from the sequence of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of ribosomal DNA.The method worked well in less than an hour under isothermal conditions of 65 C.LAMP specificity was validated in closely related algae as a comparison,suggesting the strict specificity of the LAMP primers.Two visual inspection approaches were feasible to interpret the positive or negative results.The detection limits of A.catenella and A.minutum samples using the LAMP assay were found to be 5.6 and 4.5 pg DNA,respectively.The sensitivity of this LAMP assay was 10 or 100-fold higher than Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) method in detecting the two microalgae.These characteristics of species specificity,sensitivity,and rapidity suggest that this method has the potentiality in the monitoring of red tide caused by A.catenella and A.minutum.