古代生物分子与分子考古学

分别论述了从古DNA，古蛋白质，类脂化合物等古代生物分子的尺度去研究人类的起源和迁移，动，植物的家养和驯化过程及早期农业的发展，考古点动植物骸的精确鉴定，新的定年技术以及古气候的变化等与考古学相关的许多重要问题，对分子考古学及其应用进行综述，并就在我国开展分子考古学研究提出了展望。     

基于DNA条形码对南极Yelcho站周边海域鱼类种类鉴定

南极鱼类是南极海洋生态系统的重要组成部分, 在食物网的物质循环和能量流动中起着重要的作 用。利用中国第32 次南极考察暨中智第2 次联合南极半岛综合科学考察采集Yelcho 站周边海域南极鱼类, 并基于形态学和DNA 条形码技术对其进行种类鉴定。序列相似性结果显示仅2 尾鱼类能准确鉴定到种, 剩 余6 尾属于模糊种; 结合GenBank 中的同源序列对其进行系统发育分析, 结果显示所有样品能明显分为4 个组群, 且各物种的最小种间遗传距离均高于该物种的最大种内遗传距离, 存在明显的条形码间隙, 证明 各物种鉴定结果的有效性。8 尾样品内存在3 个有效种, 南极鱼科7 尾, 裸南极鱼科1 尾, 在一定程度上反 映出Yelcho 站周边海域鱼类在物种组成和生物量上均以南极鱼科鱼类为主。     

Identification of Kalidium species (Chenopodiaceae) by DNA barcoding

DNA barcoding is an increasingly prevalent molecular biological technology which uses a short and conserved DNA fragment to facilitate rapid and accurate species identification. Kalidium species are distributed in saline soil habitat throughout Southeast Europe and Northwest Asia, and used mainly as forage grass in China. The discrimination of Kalidium species was based only on morphology-based identification systems and limited to recognized species. Here, we tested four DNA candidate loci, one nuclear locus (ITS, internal transcribed spacer) and three plastid loci (rbcL, matK and ycf1b), to select potential DNA barcodes for identifying different Kalidium species. Results showed that the best DNA barcode was ITS locus, which displayed the highest species discrimination rate (100%), followed by matK (33.3%), ycf1b (16.7%), and rbcL (16.7%). Meanwhile, four loci clearly identified the variant species, Kalidium cuspidatum (Ung.-Sternb.) Grub.var. sinicum A. J. Li, as a single species in Kalidium.     

机载云降水粒子成像仪所测数据中伪粒子的识别

机载云粒子成像仪(Cloud Imaging Probe,简称CIP)和降水粒子成像仪(Precipitation Imaging Probe简称PIP)所测数据中伪粒子的存在会直接导致仪器所测数据质量下降。利用山西Y-12探测飞机在太原地区的三次航测资料对飞机采样期间伪粒子图像的特点及其成因进行了分析和归类,并在此基础上提出了综合利用到达时间间隔阈值和图像处理识别技术的伪粒子识别方法。利用所提的方法对航测的粒子图像资料进行处理、统计和分析,统计结果表明,在一次测量过程中伪粒子的出现概率最高可达45.2%,其平均出现概率分别是36.01%(CIP)和8.64%(PIP);在所有伪粒子成分中,破碎形成的伪粒子的出现概率是最高的,它可以占到伪粒子总数的95%以上;其次是条纹状粒子和并存粒子,相对来说,空白粒子和线状粒子出现的概率是比较低的。研究还发现,机载平台的飞行状态对伪粒子各成分的出现概率也会造成影响。利用所提方法对仪器测量的粒子谱、粒子数浓度和冰水含量值进行订正,订正结果表明伪粒子对仪器量程内的粒子谱、粒子数浓度和冰水含量值均有影响,其中在云粒子谱影响上,伪粒子对粒子谱两端的影响较大,其中对小云粒子谱的影响主要是在400 μm以下,对大云粒子端的影响主要是在1000 μm(CIP)和2000 μm(PIP)以上。所提方法和阈值对于以Y-12飞机为机载探测平台,以CIP和PIP为探测仪器所获取的其它航次云微物理图像资料处理也是有一定的参考使用价值。     

The Einstein polarization interferometer for cosmology (EPIC) and the millimeter-wave bolometric interferometer (MBI)

We provide an overview of a mission concept study underway for the Einstein Inflation Probe (EIP). Our study investigates the advantages and tradeoffs of using an interferometer (EPIC) for the mission. We also report on the status of the millimeter-wave bolometric interferometer (MBI), a ground-based pathfinder optimized for degree-scale CMB polarization measurements at 90 GHz.     

关于空间探测器定位在太阳系中特殊点上的有关问题

WSO／UV(世界空间紫外天文台)以及监测太阳活动的特殊探测器(Solar Sentinel)都需要在日-地(月)系的平动点附近运行，且相对日-地(月)系要求其几何位置几乎保持不变，因此有必要阐明平动点的动力学特征及其附近的运动状况。基于这一点，对限制性三体模型下，日-地(月)系中平动点附近扰动运动的稳定性作了详尽的分析，尤其讨论了共线平动点具有不稳定动力学特征时，如何使WSO／UV这类空间探测器保持在其附近的情况；同时阐明了轨道保持不变的条件和相应的轨控措施。     

CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF POLYETHYLENIMINE AND NICKEL CHLORIDE IN RED SEA BREAM (Pagrosomus major) FIN CELL LINE RSBF

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Sequences Characterization of Microsatellite DNA Sequences in Pacific Abalone (Haliotis discus hannat)

The microsatellite-enriched library was constructed using magnetic bead hybridization selection method, and the microsatellite DNA sequences were analyzed in Pacific abalone Haliotis discus hannai. Three hundred and fifty white colonies were screened using PCR-based technique, and 84 clones were identified to potentially contain microsatellite repeat motif. The 84 clones were sequenced, and 42 microsatellites and 4 minisatellites with a minimum of five repeats were found (13.1% of white colonies screened). Besides the motif of CA contained in the oligoprobe, we also found other 16 types of microsatellite repeats including a dinucleotide repeat, two tetranucleotide repeats, twelve pentanucleotide repeats and a hexanucleotide repeat. According to Weber(1990), the microsatellite sequences obtained could be categorized structurally into perfect repeats (73.3%), imperfect repeats(13.3%), and compound repeats (13.4%). Among the microsatellite repeats, relatively short arrays (＜ 20 repeats) were most abundant,accounting for 75.0%. The largest length of microsatellites was 48 repeats, and the average number of repeats was 13.4. The data on the composition and length distribution of microsatellites obtained in the present study can be useful for choosing the repeat motifs for microsatetlite isolation in other abalone species.     

CYTOTOXICITY AND GENOTOXICITY OF POLYETHYLENIMINE AND NICKEL CHLORIDE IN RED SEA BREAM（Pagrosomus major）FIN CELL LINE RSBF

A continuous marine fish cell line RSBF(i.e.Red Sea Bream Fin)was utilized to screen the cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of polyethylenimine(PEI)and nickel cholride(NiCl2)in this study on the deleterious effects of aquatic genotoxins on fish.At the 0.01 to 1μgml concentration tested,PEI had acute toxicity to the treated RSBF cells(IC50=1.12,0.92,0.88 and 0.64μg/ml PEI for time 0 h,24 h,48 h and 72 h after treatment,respectively)and markedly inhibited their proliferation in a dose-dependent manner.At the 0.001 to 5 μmol/L concentration tested,NiCl2 posed no acute toxicity but significantly stimulated their growth(107?214?of control).Random amplified polymorphic DNA(RAPD)technique was used to detect the genotoxic effects of PEI and NiCl2 by comparing the RAPD banding patterns of the control and treated cells.RAPD analysis indicated that at the concentrations tested,PEI was more genotoxic than NiCl2 to RSBF cells;that there was a slight dose-dependent response in the genotoxic effect of PEI bue not NiCl2;and that RAPD technique might provide a sensitive,non-specif-ic gentoxic endpoint.And the potent cytotoxicity and genotoxicity of PEI on fish cells showed that we should be cautious in utilizing it as gene vector in fish gene transfer and human gene therapy.     

A Practical Method for Accurate Measurement of Trace Level Fluorine in Mg‐ and Fe‐Bearing Minerals and Glasses Using Electron Probe Microanalysis

Fluorine plays an important role in magmatic and hydrothermal processes, but due to its low abundance in geological samples determining F is difficult by electron probe microanalysis. By using a W‐Si multi‐layered pseudocrystal as the diffraction crystal instead of thallium acid phthalate (TAP), count rates were considerably higher, which however introduced spectral interferences between FKα and FeLα and MgKβ lines when normal integral mode is applied. In this study, we developed a protocol using a W‐Si multi‐layered pseudocrystal for measuring accurately trace level F in both minerals and glasses. First, we used differential mode with an optimised PHA (pulse height analysis) setting in signal processing, instead of normal integral mode, which completely eliminated the second‐order MgKβ line. Second, the overlap of the first‐order FeLα on FKα peak, which cannot be filtered by modifying the PHA setting, was calibrated quantitatively using F‐free minerals and silicate glasses. Applying this two‐step method, F was determined in a number of reference glasses, as well as in glasses synthesised from powders of the rock reference materials AC‐E, GS‐N and DR‐N. Our data are consistent within error with F concentrations determined by other methods, demonstrating the reliability of this method.