地震超声模型实验中的换能器

本文从换能器(即探头)的换能原理及夹心式探头的结构着手,讨论了杆状探头的结构和干扰波。对组合探头的原理和晶片谐振频率的选择作了较详细的分析,认为组合探头具有能量强、延续度短和分辨率高等特点,最后对探头的指向性也作了简要论述。     

略论煤的变质问题

我国煤的变质作用根据受热的主要热源及其作用方式和煤质特征，可归纳为三种基本类型。即：深成变质作用、岩浆热变质作用和动力变质作用。此外，1988年中国地质大学潘治贵等，通过对青海热水矿区研究发现而命名为一种新变质作用类型-热水变质作用。在前人研究的基础上，笔者拟就影响变变质的主要因素谈谈看法，供讨论。     

Location and quantitative analysis of OH in coesite

 The incorporation of hydrogen (deuterium) into the coesite structure was investigated at pressures from 3.1 to 7.5 GPa and temperatures of 700, 800, and 1100 °C. Hydrogen could only be incorporated into the coesite structure at pressures greater 5.0 GPa and 1100 °C . No correlation between the concentration of trace elements such as Al and B and the hydrogen content was observed based on ion probe analysis (1335 ± 16 H ppm and 17 ± 1 Al ppm at 7.5 GPa, 1100 °C). The FTIR spectra show three relatively intense bands at 3575, 3516, and 3459 cm⁻¹ (ν₁ to ν₃, respectively) and two very weak bands at 3296 and 3210 cm⁻¹ (ν₄ and ν₅, respectively). The band at 3516 cm⁻¹ is strongly asymmetric and can be resolved into two bands, 3528 (ν_2a) and 3508 (ν_2b) cm⁻¹, with nearly identical areas. Polarized infrared absorption spectra of coesite single-crystal slabs, cut parallel to (0 1 0) and (1 0 0), were collected to locate the OH dipoles in the structure and to calibrate the IR spectroscopy for quantitative analysis of OH in coesite (ɛ _{i ,tot}=190 000 ± 30 000 l mol⁻¹ _H2O cm⁻²). The polarized spectra revealed a strong pleochroism of the OH bands. High-pressure FTIR spectra at pressures up to 8 GPa were performed in a diamond-anvil cell to gain further insight into incorporation mechanism of OH in coesite. The peak positions of the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ bands decrease linearly with pressure. The mode Grüneisen parameters for ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ are −0.074, −0.144 and −0.398, respectively. There is a linear increase of the pressure derivatives with band position which follows the trend proposed by Hofmeister et al. (1999). The full widths at half maximum (FWHM) of the ν₁, ν₂, and ν₃ bands increase from 35, 21, and 28 cm⁻¹ in the spectra at ambient conditions to 71, 68, and 105 in the 8 GPa spectra, respectively. On the basis of these results, a model for the incorporation of hydrogen in coesite was developed: the OH defects are introduced into the structure by the substitution Si^4+(Si2)+4O²⁻= ^[4]□^(Si2) + 4OH⁻, which gives rise to four vibrations, ν₁, ν_2a, ν_2b, and ν₃. Because the OH(D)-bearing samples do contain traces of Al and B, the bands ν₄ and ν₅ may be coupled to Al and/or B substitution. Received: 19 December 2000 / Accepted: 23 April 2001     

拜城县黑英山霞石正长岩矿物学特征研究

霞石正长岩是重要的炼铝资源和陶瓷、玻璃原料。文中利用扫描电镜、X衍射、红外线、电子探针等,综合分析方法对黑英山霞石正长岩的矿物学特征作了详细研究。着重描述了岩石的矿物组合、矿物生成及变化特征。对主要矿物进行了化学成分及X衍射分析,测得霞石成分:SiO_243.66％,Al_2O_330.97％,K_2O4.23％,Na_2O18.46％(Na_2O高于其它地区的霞石)。根据霞石单矿物实测成分计算出其晶体化学分子式为:(K_(0.525)Na_(3.528)Ca_(0.012))_(4.065)[Cr_(0.010)Al-(3.559)Mg_(0.009)Fe_(0.054)Mn_(0.012)Ti_(0.008)Si_(4.258)O_(16)];测得霞石的主要X衍射d值为:0.302～0.303,0.386～0.389,0.1388～0.1391(nm)。测得微斜长石的成分:SiO_264.82％,Al_2O_319.68％,K_2O11.77％,Na_2O2.30％,求得其三斜度△=0.83～1.00,属低微斜长石。通过霞石正长岩中钾长石与霞石矿物中对K原子分配值计算和作图,解得矿物生成温度为400～500℃。测得岩石中的钠长石主要为低钠长石,属后期交代矿物。     

地质体中主要生物分子的研究方法及应用

现代分子生物学,生物化学及有机地球化学等领域的发展,为古生物研究者在发子水平上探索地质生物世界提供了新的概念和技术手段,本文着重讨论了可用于分子古生物学研究的生物分子,例如,维管植物的木质素等稳定生物聚合物,古生物细胞内的类脂化合物,碳水化合物,蛋白质及氨基酸和含遗传信息的核酸,分子古生物资料可用于探讨化石埋藏学,古生物分子系统学,生物演化模式与机制,分子演化速率,古生态环境再造等问题,本文较详细     

Preliminary Study on Applicability of Microsatellite DNA Primers from Parasite Protozoa Trypanosoma cruzi in Free-living Protozoa

1　Introduction　Generallyknownasacodominantgeneticmarker ,microsatellitehasbeenwidelyusedinstudiesonpopu lationgenetics,high resolutiongenotyping ,genemap ping ,evolution ,linkageanalysis ,conservationbiology ,behaviouralecology ,relationsbetweenparasite…     

DNA barcode assessment of Ceramiales (Rhodophyta) in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea

A total of 142 specimens of Ceramiales(Rhodophyta) were collected each month from October 2011 to November 2012 in the intertidal zone of the northwestern Yellow Sea. These specimens covered 21 species,14 genera,and four families. Cluster analyses show that the specimens had a high diversity for the three DNA markers,namely,partial large subunit r RNA gene(LSU),universal plastid amplicon(UPA),and partial mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene(COI). No intraspecific divergence was found in our collection for these markers,except for a 1–3 bp divergence in the COI of Ceramium kondoi,Symphyocladia latiuscula,and Neosiphonia japonica. Because short DNA markers were used,the phylogenetic relationships of higher taxonomic levels were hard to evaluate with poor branch support. More than half species of our collection failed to find their matched sequences owing to shortage information of DNA barcodes for macroalgae in Gen Bank or BOLD(Barcode of Life Data) Systems. Three specimens were presumed as H eterosiphonia crispella by cluster analyses on DNA barcodes assisted by morphological identification,which was the first record in the investigated area,implying that it might be a cryptic or invasive species in the coastal area of northwestern Yellow Sea. In the neighbor-joining trees of all three DNA markers,H eterosiphonia japonica converged with D asya spp. and was distant from the other Heterosiphonia spp.,implying that H. japonica had affinities to the genus Dasya. The LSU and UPA markers amplified and sequenced easier than the COI marker across the Ceramiales species,but the COI had a higher ability to discriminate between species.     

Species delimitation in the green algal genus Codium (Bryopsidales) from Korea using DNA barcoding

Codium, one of the largest marine green algal genera, is difficult to delimit species boundary accurately based on morphological identification only. DNA barcoding is a powerful tool for discriminating species of seaweeds. The plastid elongation factor TU(tuf A) is considered as maker to perform DNA barcoding of green algal species than rbc L gene due to universality and rapid evolution rate. We conducted DNA barcoding application to Codium specimens from the Jeju Island, Korea to overcome the limit of morphological identification and to confirm the species diversity. As a result of applying tuf A marker, we newly generated fifty-five tuf A barcodes to resolve eight species. Tuf A marker exhibited 6.1%–21.8% interspecific divergences, wider than the gap of rbc L exon 1,3.5%–11.5%. Molecular analysis of rbc L exon 1 sequences of Codium revealed eight distinct species like tuf A analysis separated in five phylogenetic groups. DNA barcoding of the genus Codium using tuf A marker is more helpful to overcome the limit of morphological identification, and this is more potential to reveal cryptic species and to resolve the relationships among subspecies than rbc L analysis alone. The complement of tuf A barcoding and rbc L analyses including morphology for the genus Codium in the northwestern Pacific will give much more reliable achievement for discovering species diversity and resolving the phylogenetic relationships.     

中国对虾选育群体“黄海1号”和野生群体不同组织基因组DNA甲基化的MSAP分析

DNA甲基化在调节动物生长发育和组织分化中发挥了重要作用。本研究主要从酶切、预扩和选扩等方面优化了中国对虾DNA甲基化分析的MSAP技术,给出了适合中国对虾MSAP分析的最近反应程序和体系,并采用该技术分别对中国对虾选育群体"黄海1号"和野生群体的肌肉、鳃和血细胞三种组织基因组DNA的CCGG甲基化水平进行分析。研究结果表明,中国对虾野生群体肌肉、鳃和血细胞的DNA甲基化比例分别为23.1%、22.3%和19.7%,选育群体"黄海1号"肌肉、鳃和血液的甲基化比例分别为21.4%、19.6%和18.9%。鳃组织的DNA甲基化水平在两群体中差异极显著(P <0.01),肌肉间的甲基化水平差异显著(P <0.05),而血细胞中甲基化水平差异不显著(P >0.05)。中国对虾野生群体和"黄海1号"同一组织间的甲基化水平不同(P ≤ 0.05),而不同组织间的甲基化水平也各不相同(P ≤ 0.05)。DNA甲基化多态性分析表明,野生群体和选育群体"黄海1号"的鳃和血细胞组织的甲基化多态性比例变化明显,而肌肉组织甲基化水平较稳定,这些变化趋势与CCGG位点的甲基化和去甲基化有关。     

条斑紫菜SSU 中内含子分析

根据GenBank中已知的条斑紫菜(Porphyra yezoensis)SSU和LSU r RNA基因序列分别设计引物,分别以混合个体和单个个体的基因组DNA以及c DNA为模板进行扩增,测序分析后推测SSU r RNA基因中的内含子转录后加工可能仍被保留,而在LSU r RNA基因上游序列中没有发现内含子。长511bp的内含子位于SSU r RNA基因序列的上游,其插入位点为TCTGGTG-CCAGCAGCC,内含子5′和3′端的核苷酸序列分别为AAC-和-ATGG。该内含子的剪接位点以及保守区P,Q,R,S与I型内含子是不同的。研究发现,在同种紫菜中,不同个体SSU基因中内含子的有无、分布及结构特征是不同的,说明内含子对于分类是不太适合的。但是内含子的长度以及核苷酸序列在种间又具有一定的特异性,可以为红藻种间以及种内亲缘关系较远的亚种和不同地理群的区分和鉴定提供参考。