藏北地区草地退化的时空分布特征

根据草地退化国家标准和藏北地区草地退化实际情况以及遥感数据特征,选择草地植被盖度为草地退化的遥感监测指标,建立藏北地区草地退化遥感监测和评价指标体系,并对藏北地区近24年的草地退化进行遥感监测和评价。结果表明：藏北地区草地退化现状 (2004年) 十分严重,重度和极重度退化草地面积分别占草地总面积的8.0%和1.7%,区域草地退化指数 (GDI) 为1.86,接近中度退化等级;其中藏北地区冰川与雪山及其周围等气候变化较为敏感区域和交通要道沿线等人类活动较为频繁区域的草地退化相对严重;从1981年到2004年的近24年以来,藏北地区及其各个区域草地退化较为严重,其草地退化等级分布比例和草地退化指数年际波动较大,草地退化等级在轻度退化至重度退化等级之间波动;近几年藏北全地区总体草地退化情况及中部、东部和北部地区的草地退化具有更加严重的趋势,而西部地区草地退化状况则略有减缓趋势。     

Study on the impact of vegetation degeneration to hydrology characteristic of the Alpine soil

Alpine soil infiltration process is an important part of the hydrological characteristics of alpine soil in permafrost. This research is carried out in the source region of the Yellow River where the permafrost is severely degraded, using various methods for choosing typical sample areas, and to experiment, study and simulate the soil water curve, soil saturated hydraulic conductivity, soil infiltration and soil moisture under different characteristics of degraded vegetation. The results indicate that the empirical equation θ=AS^−B, proposed by Gradner and Visser, is very reliable in simulating the soil moisture curve; soil saturated hydraulic conductivity and soil infiltration are significantly different under different vegetation coverage: in the soil surface within 0–10 cm, the saturated hydraulic conductivity and infiltration intensity of Black Beach are the strongest; respectively, in soil layers below 30 cm, vegetation has almost no impacts on the saturated hydraulic conductivity, infiltration intensity and soil moisture content. Significant reduction of soil moisture occurs in soil surfaces with degraded vegetation. The more serious the degradation, the more water loss, and it can be up to 38.6% in the worst situation. Soil moisture of developed vegetation root systems in depths within 10–20 cm has the greatest impact on the soil environment, and the loss of moisture induces difficulty in the restoration of degraded meadows. Through a comparative study, the Kostiakov infiltration equation f(t) = at^−b is more applicable for studies on the process of soil moisture infiltration of the alpine meadow in the source region of the Yellow River.     

Coastal dune conservation on an Irish commonage: community-based management or tragedy of the commons?

In Ireland 'commonage' refers to lands jointly owned by several individuals who have grazing rights. Commonage can provide the low-intensity grazing regime regarded as optimal for habitat conservation, and it is also unlikely to suffer the negative impacts of building development or coastal engineering. Today, however, the traditional control systems of coastal commonage are generally moribund, leading to habitat degradation. The only viable future management model is likely to be one based on local community control. Community management would have the legitimacy to counter the negative perceptions of external authority that generate environmental degradation.     

现代冰川和冻土退缩对铁路影响的研究述评

温室效应和全球变化是当前人类面临的重大全球性环境问题，当今世界正在大力进行研究的未来１０－１００ａ内可能发生人类有史以来未经历过的全球气候和环境的巨大变化，将使现有若干铁路面临着冰川、多年冻土加剧退缩和海平面上升等过程的严峻挑战。     

新近系热储层回灌井钻探工艺探索

文章通过对新近系热储层回灌井成井结构进行室内模拟试验,探索了因回灌井自身结构特点不足而造成回灌不畅的原因,初步探讨了适合天津地区孔隙型回灌井的施工工艺及井身结构.     

坡积松散体稳定性模型试验研究

云南西北部三江源高海拔、高深切地区,坡积松散体稳定性是公路边坡面临的主要问题之一,模型试验是研究松散体稳定性各影响因素最有效的手段。根据相似原理,设计模型试验的主要几何相似常数,采用一系列手段改造模型试验材料,使其达到材料强度、重度相似。一系列模型破坏条件真实再现现场坡积松散体的滑坡条件,试验结果分析对相关设计、施工和科研人员有较好的借鉴作用。模型试验材料从松散状态到较密实状态,开始破坏的自然坡角提高42%～100%,c值提高约50%～120%, 值提高约6%～8%,密实状态提高,坡体的强度提高,相应坡体的稳定性提高,起始破坏的自然坡角也显著提高;降雨使坡体含水率提高近饱和时,充分软化的c值下降约70%, 值下降约7%,表明雨水下渗软化是导致坡积松散体产生滑动的最根本、最直接的因素。模拟降雨的土体强度变化过程对松散体边坡稳定性研究有较好的参考价值。     

祁连山中东部的冻土特征(Ⅱ):多年冻土特征

祁连山中东部地区多年冻土年平均地温、冻土厚度等基本特征参量与海拔具有明显的相关性,海拔越高,地温越低,厚度亦越厚.年平均地温、厚度与纬度、经度关系不明显,可能与工作范围较小有关.对比分析了地表植被、地层岩性、土层含水(冰)量等局域性(非地带性)因素对冻土年平均地温的影响,发现腐殖层较厚,下伏细粒土层,较高的含水(冰)量对保持多年冻土较低的温度有利.阐述了冻土厚度的变化及其影响因素.与前人工作比较,分析冻土层钻孔测温曲线,发现该地区多年冻土正处于退化之中.     

The timing of last-glacial periglacial and aeolian events,Twente, eastern Netherlands

Sequences of last-glacial age contain valuable palaeoclimatic information but are often difficult to date because the environment has been unfavourable for deposition of datable organic material. This paper presents age-estimates, determined by optically stimulated luminescence, for sediments from the type site of the so-called ‘coversands’ (periglacial aeolian deposits) in The Netherlands. These improve the chronology of this type site considerably, allowing age limits (22–17 kyr BP) to be set, for the first time, for the important phase of widespread permafrost degradation and aeolian deflation recorded in these deposits. Aeolian deposition occurred intermittently for most of the Last Glacial Maximum and the Late-glacial phases. Based on luminescence dating, sand-sheet deposition was concentrated between ca. 17–14 kyr ago, and dune formation was dominant during the Younger Dryas. The Younger Dryas was sufficiently cold to allow the first stages of ice-wedge-cast development in The Netherlands. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

青藏高原退化高寒草甸生长季承载力

近年来,在气候变化和人类活动的共同影响下,青藏高原部分地区草场退化严重。在青藏高原北麓河流域多年冻土区选取中度退化及未退化高寒草甸,用热红外辐射器模拟气候变暖,研究草地退化和气候变化对生长季草场数量和营养承载力（可消化蛋白承载力和代谢能承载力）的影响。结果表明：（1）退化后,莎草科植物在群落中的重要值降低,而禾本科和杂草类植物重要值逐渐增加;（2）退化对植被地上生物量无显著影响,但退化伴随着气候变暖使地上生物量在6月和9月分别显著降低了（87.17±6.93） g·m^-2和（38.89±2.23） g·m^-2;（3）退化在6月和9月使牧草粗蛋白含量分别显著降低了29.15%和33.74%,但使牧草中酸性洗涤纤维含量分别显著增加了11.68%和15.34%,牧草品质下降明显;（4）退化伴随着气候变暖使数量承载力和代谢能承载力在6月分别降低了（2.63±0.21）、（6.94±0.55）羊单位·hm^-2,在9月分别降低了（1.17±0.07）、（3.1±0.17）羊单位·hm^-2。研究区草场代谢能承载力>可消化蛋白承载力>数量承载力。研究区生长季牧草营养供给充足,适宜承载力为数量承载力     

黄河源地区草地退化空间特征

There are about 400 million hm2 of grassland in China, which account for 13% of the grassland in the world and 41% of the total land area of China. It is the biggest terrestrial ecosystem in China (Liu et al., 2003). Due to impacts of global change and ec…