Biotic drivers of river and floodplain geomorphology – New molecular methods for assessing present‐day and past biota

Geomorphology has increasingly considered the role of biotic factors as controls upon geomorphic processes across a wide range of spatial and temporal scales. Where timescales are long (centennial and longer), it has been possible to quantify relationships between geomorphic processes and vegetation using, for example, the pollen record. However, where the biotic agents are fauna, longer term reconstruction of the impacts of biological activity upon geomorphic processes is more challenging. Here, we review the prospect of using environmental DNA as a molecular proxy to decipher the presence and nature of faunal influences on geomorphic processes in both present and ancient deposits. When used appropriately, this method has the potential to improve our understanding of biotic drivers of geomorphic processes, notably fauna, over long timescales and so to reconstruct how such drivers might explain the landscape as we see it today. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

大弹涂鱼自然种群遗传多样性的RAPD分析

2002年9月以采自浙江宁海三门湾海区的大弹涂鱼(Boleophthalmus pectinirostris L．)为材料,对大弹涂鱼自然种群的遗传多样性进行随机扩增多态DNA(RAPD)分析,20个引物共扩增出100个DNA片段,多态位点比例(P)为21％,任意两个个体间遗传相似度(F)最大为0．9938,最小为0．9239,平均为0．9645。任意两个个体间的遗传距离(D)最大为0．0761,最小为0．0062,绝大多数为0．02000～0．0500;大弹涂鱼自然种群的平均杂合度(He)为0．2018,D平均值为0．0355;Shannon多样性指数(Ho)和Shannon多样性值(H)分别为5．918和0．0592。研究结果表明大弹涂鱼的遗传多样性水平比较低,应加强大弹涂鱼种质资源的保护。     

First record of the Australian ascidian Eudistoma elongatum in northern New Zealand

A colonial ascidian was first reported by marine farmers in Houhora Harbour, Northland, New Zealand in early 2005 and subsequently found on oyster racks in Parengarenga Harbour and the Bay of Islands. The Northland ascidian was identified with a combination of morphological characters and DNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) sequence data, as Eudistoma elongatum, a species native to Australia, where it is found from northern New South Wales to Northern Queensland, and distinguished from Eudistoma circumvallatum, the only reported species in this genus from New Zealand. Ascidian larvae are weak dispersers and long distance dispersal of E. elongatum is likely to be enhanced by vectors such as oyster barges and/or movement of cultured oysters. In its native range, E. elongatum is restricted to areas with a minimum winter sea temperature of 16°C. Assuming similar biological limitations apply in New Zealand, the spread of E. elongatum might be restricted to northern New Zealand (north of latitude 37°S).     

滇池铜绿微囊藻(M. aeruginosa Kutz)的分离培养与总DNA提取的改进

利用稀释法结合平板分离培养法将采用滇池水华中的铜绿微囊灌进行了成功的分离纯化,对比纯化培养前后,发现纯化后该藻的生长速度明显加快,密度大为提高,约为纯化前的5倍,由乙醇乙醚混合液对该灌作预处理后,破坏了其胶质被,再经常规方法提取总DNA,其得率提高3－4倍。     

军曹鱼的分子遗传特性研究

采用随机扩增多态性DNA(RAPD)和线粒体DNA(mtDNA)的限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)分析方法对广东湛江近海军曹鱼Rachycentron canadum的分子遗传学特征进行了研究。RAPD研究结果显示17个引物共检测到119个位点,其中多态位点比例P为80．85％,遗传相似系数S为0．7400,遗传距离D为0．2600,Nei基因多样性指数H为0．3009,Shannon信息指数I为0．4498。结果表明,军曹鱼的遗传多样性比较丰富。用19种识别5、6碱基的限制性内切酶对军曹鱼的mtDNA RFLP进行了分析研究,构建其mtDNA物理图谱;用引物5’-GTG ATC TGA AAA ACC ACC GTT G-3’和5’-AAT AGG AAG TAT CAT TGC GGT TTG ATG-3’扩增线粒体细胞色素b区段,得到稳定的850bp大小的特异性条带,用18种识别4-6碱基的限制性内切酶对扩增片段的限制性长度多态性进行分析,并测定其序列。     

聚球藻病毒研究进展

聚球藻是海洋浮游植物群落的优势组分,是全球碳循环的主要参与者和初级生产力的主要贡献者.聚球藻病毒对聚球藻有较高的致死率,聚球藻病毒对聚球藻的裂解对碳的生物地球化学循环有十分重要的作用.对聚球藻病毒的宿主、分类和生活方式作了简介,综述了聚球藻病毒研究方法、生态分布特征、遗传多样性与宿主的关系及其进展,评述了不同基因标记物在聚球藻病毒分子生态学应用上的优缺点,最后提出了聚球藻病毒的研究展望.旨在为海洋病毒生态学,海洋碳循环的研究提供参考.     

基于形态学与核糖体DNA及其cDNA高通量测序的海洋沉积物中纤毛虫多样性比较

高通量测序技术广泛应用于环境真核微生物多样性的研究,可检获较之传统形态学方法更高的多样性。然而,检获的高分子多样性与基于形态的物种多样性在构成上的差异仍然不明。本研究首次对比分析了基于形态学的南黄海沉积物中的纤毛虫物种多样性与基于核糖体18S DNA和c DNA高通量测序的多样性异同。结果表明:形态鉴定获得8纲、20目、30科、36属共97种纤毛虫;DNA测序检获10纲、28目、55科、76属共174个OTUs;而通过c DNA测序获取的纤毛虫多样性最高,获10纲、31目、68科、99属共284个OTUs。研究发现,形态学方法检获的纤毛虫均为底栖生纤毛虫;两种分子手段检获的多样性更高,群落结构更为近似,覆盖了形态鉴定所获的绝大部分类群。但DNA测序还检获了序列比例高达90%的浮游类群,可能源于包囊或死亡沉降的物种;而c DNA测序检获了约7%的浮游纤毛虫序列。较之DNA测序,c DNA法检获的底栖纤毛虫在群落结构上与形态学结果更为接近。本研究表明,分子手段有助于更全面地揭示沉积物中的纤毛虫多样性,DNA测序可同时揭示休眠包囊、胞外DNA及过去群落的信息,而c DNA测序在研究活动纤毛虫多样性上更有优势。     

Differentiation of coral trout (Plectropomus leopardus) based on an analysis of morphology and complete mitochondrial DNA: Are cryptic species present?

Two morphotypes of Plectropomus leopardus have been identified; morphometric and meristic analyses show that there is no diagnostic difference between them. A difference in color pattern was the most appropriate phenotypic character with which to distinguish between the two morphotypes. Complete mitochondrial DNA sequencing, however, indicated a clear difference between the two morphotypes. Barcoding analysis revealed no significant difference (P>0.05) in CO1 or ND2 divergence among intramorphotypic individuals, even between geographically separated populations, whereas the intermorphotypic CO1 and ND2 divergences were large enough (averaging 0.95% for CO1 and 1.37% for ND2) to clearly discriminate between the two morphotypes. The color pattern difference, geographical distribution, together with the mtDNA and barcode sequencing data, suggest that the two morphotypes should be of two subspecies or even two species.