夜间灯光数据驱动的成渝城市群空间形成过程重建及分析

2016年4月发布的《成渝城市群发展规划》首次正式确定了成渝城市群的内涵和具体边界,重建成渝城市群的形成过程,有利于把握未来发展趋势,并合理优化与调整其发展过程。在重建技术方面,对DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据传统的不变目标区域校正法加以改进,将成渝城市群2013年城市市区范围内的全部像元加入校正模型的拟合中,设计了统计数据的校正规则,再通过二分比较法较好地恢复了成渝城市群内各城市建成区的时序空间信息。提取面积与统计面积总体平均相对误差为-0.38%,利用高分辨率Google Earth图像验证的建成区提取准确率达到98.29%,相比其他研究结果,经方法改进后的提取结果精度高且稳定。在结果分析方面,基于提取结果展开对城市群建成区重心转移过程与城市聚合过程的深层次研究,剖析了城市群的内部格局与时空变化特征。分析表明,成渝城市群的聚合情况与《成渝城市群发展规划》高度吻合,城市群已进入快速发育阶段,随着区域差异的持续扩大,成都、重庆都市圈的核心地位逐渐形成,而重庆的发展态势稍好。     

近21 a来京津冀城市发展空间特征及其与宏观地貌的关系分析

基于全国1:100万数字地貌数据库和1992-2012年的DMSP/OLS夜间灯光数据,从城市重心迁移变化、城市内部变异度和城市相对发展速率3方面,对近21 a来京津冀城市发展的空间特征,以及不同宏观地貌下城市发展的差异性进行了对比分析。结果表明：1992-2012年京津冀重心迁移方向大致经历西南-东北-西南3个阶段,不同城市重心迁移的轨迹和方向不同;京津冀整体发展水平不断提高,各城市间的差距呈减小趋势;不同地貌类型城市,其城市内部各辖区间的差异随时间变化的规律不同,平原型城市基本稳定不变,山地-平原型或平原-山地型城市有所下降,山地型城市各辖区间的差异随时间大幅减小;山地型城市相比其他地貌类型城市,城市重心偏移明显,城市整体发展水平较低。最后讨论了长时间序列下,城市发展与地貌间存在关联性。     

集成土地利用数据和夜间灯光数据优化人口空间化模型

人口统计数据空间化是解决统计数据与自然要素数据融合分析的有效途径。随着RS和GIS技术的发展,人口统计数据空间化方法推陈出新,其中,土地利用数据、夜间灯光数据是人口空间化研究中普遍利用的数据源,但各有优、缺点：土地利用数据中的城镇用地、农村居民点能准确表示人口分布的空间范围,却不能反映其内部的人口密度差异特征;夜间灯光数据的强度信息能体现人口分布的疏密程度,但其像元溢出问题显著夸大人口分布范围,像元过饱和现象也影响着人口数据空间化结果的精度。本研究以中国大陆沿海区域为例,尝试集成土地利用数据和夜间灯光数据优化人口空间化方法,设计了基于精度阈值和动态样本的渐进回归与分区建模的方法,获得了中国沿海2000、2005、2010年1 km分辨率人口空间化数据。结果表明,优化模型显著提高了研究区整体的精度,尤其适用于人口空间结构内部差异较为显著的区域。     

Biological control of short-term variations in the concentration of DMSP and DMS during a Phaeocystis spring bloom

In the spring of 1995, short-term variations in the concentration of particulate and dissolved dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) were monitored in the western Wadden Sea, a shallow coastal region in open connection with the North Sea. Significant correlations were found between abundance of Phaeocystis globosa and particulate DMSP; concentrations increased rapidly from 100 to 1650 nM in the middle of April. Highest DMS concentrations were found during the initial phase of the exponential growth of the bloom. DMS production and loss rates of DMSP and DMS were estimated experimentally during various phases of the bloom. DMS production and consumption were roughly in balance, with production only slightly exceeding consumption at the start of the bloom. Rates of production and consumption were highest during the exponential growth phase of Phaeocystis and declined in the course of the bloom (from 300–375 to less than 5 nmol dm⁻³ d⁻¹). Demethylation of DMSP increased during the bloom (from 11 to 1300 nmol dm⁻³ d⁻¹); it accounted for up to 100% of the DMSP loss at the end of the bloom. The shift from DMSP cleavage to demethylation in the course of a Phaeocystis bloom implies that DMS concentrations are not necessarily highest at the peak or towards the end of blooms.     

紫外辐射对南极棕囊藻细胞DMSP合成和DMS释放率的影响

在不同紫外辐射波段下,南极棕囊藻(Phaeocystis antarctica)细胞的生长率、叶绿素a、细胞内DMSP含量和DMS释放量变化的测定结果表明;UV-B对南极棕囊藻细胞生长率和叶绿素a含量有抑制效应,UV-B还可加快DMSP分解成DMS和丙烯酸的分解速率,而UV-A对该藻细胞的DMSP合成有强烈的抑制效应。鉴于在每年春季极地海洋浮游植物繁殖期间,南极棕囊藻在南极海冰带海洋浮游植物种群结构中占有的优势地位,以及该藻是极地海洋浮游植物中DMS的主要释放者,推测南极“臭氧空洞”所增加的紫外辐射可能会对南极海域的DMS释放率产生一定的影响。     

Factors determining the vertical profile of dimethylsulfide in the Sargasso Sea during summer

The major source of reduced sulfur in the remote marine atmosphere is the biogenic compound dimethylsulfide (DMS), which is ubiquitous in the world's oceans and released through food web interactions. Relevant fluxes and concentrations of DMS, its phytoplankton-produced precursor, dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and related parameters were measured during an intensive Lagrangian field study in two mesoscale eddies in the Sargasso Sea during July–August 2004, a period characterized by high mixed-layer DMS and low chlorophyll—the so-called ‘DMS summer paradox’. We used a 1-D vertically variable DMS production model forced with output from a 1-D vertical mixing model to evaluate the extent to which the simulated vertical structure in DMS and DMSP was consistent with changes expected from field-determined rate measurements of individual processes, such as photolysis, microbial DMS and dissolved DMSP turnover, and air–sea gas exchange. Model numerical experiments and related parametric sensitivity analyses suggested that the vertical structure of the DMS profile in the upper 60 m was determined mainly by the interplay of the two depth-variable processes—vertical mixing and photolysis—and less by biological consumption of DMS. A key finding from the model calibration was the need to increase the DMS(P) algal exudation rate constant, which includes the effects of cell rupture due to grazing and cell lysis, to significantly higher values than previously used in other regions. This was consistent with the small algal cell size and therefore high surface area-to-volume ratio of the dominant DMSP-producing group—the picoeukaryotes.     

Seasonal variations in dimethylsulfoniopropionate and dimethylsulfide concentrations in relation to the plankton community in the St. Lawrence Estuary

Weekly variations in total dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSPt) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) were investigated in relation to the phytoplankton assemblage from spring to fall 1994 at a coastal fixed station in the St. Lawrence Estuary. DMSPt and DMS concentrations showed a strong seasonality and were tightly coupled in time. Maximum concentrations of DMSPt and DMS were observed in July and August, during a period of warm water and low nutrient concentrations. Seasonal maxima of 365.4 nmol l⁻¹ for DMSPt and 14.2 nmol l⁻¹ for DMS in early August coincided with the presence of many phytoplankton species, such as Alexandrium tamarense, Dinophysis acuminata, Gymnodinium sp., Heterocapsa rotundata, Protoperidinium ovatum, Scrippsiella trochoidea, Chrysochromulina sp. (6 μm), Cryptomonas sp. (6 μm), a group of microflagellates smaller than 5 μm (mf < 5), many tintinnids, and Mesodinium rubrum. The abundance of mf < 5 followed the general trend of DMS concentrations. The temporal occurrence of high P. ovatum abundance and DMSPt concentrations suggests that this heterotrophic dinoflagellate can either synthesize DMSP or acquire it from DMSP-rich prey. The calculated sea-to-air DMS flux reached a maximum of 8.36 μmol ⁻² d⁻¹ on August 1. The estimated annual emission from the St. Lawrence Estuary is 77.2 tons of biogenic sulfur to the atmosphere.     

Comparison of β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) levels in two mediterranean ecosystems with different trophic levels

β-dimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) and dimethylsulfide (DMS) concentrations were recorded from September 1999 to September 2000 in two geographically close ecosystems, differently affected by eutrophication: the Little Bay of Toulon and the Niel Bay (N.W. Mediterranean Sea, France). Little Bay had higher nutrient levels ([NO₃⁻]_max. = 30.3 μM; [PO₄³⁻]_max. = 0.46 μM) and higher chlorophyll a concentrations ([chl a]_mean = 2.4 μg/L) compared to Niel Bay ([NO₃⁻]_max. = 19.7 μM; [PO₄³⁻]_max. = 0.17 μM; [chl a]_mean = 0.4 μg/L). In the two sites, we measured dissolved (DMSP_d < 0.2 μm) and particulate DMSP (DMSP_p > 0.2 μm) concentrations. The DMSP_p was particularly analysed in the 0.2–5, 5–90 and > 90 μm fractions. In the eutrophicated Little Bay, DMSP_d concentrations showed a clear seasonality with high values from January to March (124–148 nM). The temporal profile of the DMSP_p concentrations was similar, peaking in February–March (38–59 nM). In the less eutrophic Niel Bay, DMSP_p concentrations were much lower (6–9 nM in March–April), whereas DMSP_d concentrations were relatively high (110–92 nM in February–March). DMS concentrations were elevated from the end of the winter to the spring in Little Bay, ranging from 3 nM in October to 134 nM in March. In the less eutrophic Niel Bay, lower DMS levels were observed, generally not exceeding 20 nM. Each particulate fraction (0.2–5; 5–90; > 90 μm) contained less DMSP in Niel Bay than in Little Bay. At both sites, the 5–90 μm fraction made up most of the DMSP_p. This 5–90 μm fraction consisted of microphytoplankton, principally Dinophyceae and Bacillariophyceae. The 5–90 μm biomass calculated from cell biovolumes, was more abundant in Little Bay where the bloom at the end of the winter (165 μg/L in March) occurred at the same time as the DMSP peaks. The estimated DMSP_p to biomass ratio for the 5–90 μm fraction was always higher in Little Bay than in Niel Bay. This suggests that the high DMSP levels recorded in Little Bay were not only due to a large Dinophyceae presence in this ecosystem. Indeed, the peak of DMSP_p to biomass ratio obtained from cell biovolumes (0.23 nmol/μg in March) was consistent with the proliferation of Alexandrium minutum. This Dinophyceae species may account for between 50% (2894 cells/L) and 63% (4914 cells/L) of the total phytoplankton abundance in the Little Bay of Toulon.     

黄河流域能源消费碳排放时空格局演变及影响因素——基于DMSP/OLS与NPP/VIIRS夜间灯光数据

科学估算并动态监测长时间序列区域能源消费碳排放发展态势,是制定、实施及评估地区碳减排策略的科学依据和基础保障。基于构建的长时间序列可相互比较的DMSP/OLS与NPP/VIIRS两种夜间灯光数据集,本文模拟了2000—2018年黄河流域能源消费碳排放的时空变化特征,并从流域地理分异的角度对其影响因素进行解析。结果表明：① 2000—2018年黄河流域能源消费碳排放呈现总量不断上升但增长速率下降的态势,整体表现出收敛趋势,但还未达到碳峰值;流域内部碳排放总量呈中游>下游>上游的地理分异特征。② 以黄河干流及主要支流为串联的核心城市形成了若干规模不一的高密度碳排放中心。③ 黄河流域碳排放呈显著的正的全局空间自相关,并形成了以晋陕蒙资源型城市为依托的中上游碳排放高-高集聚,以及上游甘青宁地区为主的碳排放低-低集聚。④ 经济发展水平对碳排放空间分异的影响力始终最强,其次为城镇化水平与人口规模,“GDP+”能源结构、能源强度与产业结构所主导的交互作用是导致碳排放持续增长的主要推动力。从构建流域生命共同体的视角出发,结合黄河流域自然环境特点与经济社会特征,并统筹上下游、左右岸、干支流之间的关系,分区施策与分时施策并行,对实现以碳减排为目标的黄河流域生态保护与可持续发展意义重大。     

基于多源遥感数据的武汉市人口空间分布格局演化

基于DMSP/OLS夜间灯光指数和SPOT-VEGETATION逐旬NDVI数据构建人居指数,模拟武汉市2000,2012年人口空间分布。采用空间自相关模型,从时空角度分析2000—2012年武汉市人口的空间分布格局及演变规律。结果表明:1利用夜间灯光强度估算方法可快速准确模拟武汉市人口空间分布。2人口空间分布格局有向武汉市中心城区集聚的趋势,具有"中间高周围低"的特征。3武汉市人口空间分布表现出较强的空间自相关性,根据局部自相关分析,"高-高"类型区主要分布在武昌、硚口、江汉、江岸等中心区,"低-高"类型区主要出现在江河流域附近;随着时间的推移人口分布的"高-高"类型区扩大,表明武汉市人口在向中心城区聚集的过程中远城区也形成了相应的人口集聚中心。