Analysis of laterally loaded rigid monopiles and poles in multilayered linearly varying soil

A new method for calculation of head displacement and rotation of laterally loaded rigid monopiles and poles in multilayered heterogeneous elastic soil is presented. The analysis considers the soil as a layered elastic continuum in which the modulus vary linearly with depth within each layer. Rational pile and soil displacement fields are assumed, and the interaction between the pile and soil is taken into account by using the principle of virtual work. Two sets of equilibrium equations, one describing the pile displacement and rotation and the other describing the displacements in the soil, are obtained and solved analytically and numerically following an iterative algorithm. The new method produces pile responses as accurate as those obtained from three-dimensional finite element analysis but does not require any elaborate input for geometry and mesh.     

台风对海上风电单桩基础累积变形影响试验研究

文中主要采用小比尺模型试验,研究了台风对海上风电单桩基础累积变形的影响。通过在模型槽中进行桩的水平静力和循环加载试验,得到了不同工况下桩的累积转角与循环加载次数之间的关系曲线。随后对曲线进行分析,拟合出无台风工况下累积转角的计算公式,然后运用叠加法,得出了有台风工况下累积转角的计算公式。试验结果表明,单独作用一种循环荷载时,桩的累积转角是循环次数的幂函数。台风引起的大幅值循环荷载会导致转角的陡升,且增加幅度与小幅值循环荷载的幅值负相关。当将台风荷载设置在加载过程的开头时,对于疲劳设计工况,台风荷载产生的累积转角占总的累积转角的99%以上,因而可以忽略小幅值循环荷载产生的累积转角,直接用台风荷载产生的累积转角代表桩的长期累积转角,实现简化设计。     

Harmonic wave diffraction by two circular cavities in a poroelastic formation

This study investigates the dynamic interaction of time harmonic plane waves with a pair of parallel circular cylindrical cavities of infinite length buried in a boundless porous elastic fluid-saturated medium. The novel features of Biot dynamic theory of poroelasticity along with the appropriate wave field expansions, the pertinent boundary conditions, and the translational addition theorems for cylindrical wave functions are employed to develop a closed-form solution in the form of infinite series. The analytical results are illustrated with numerical examples in which two empty cavities are insonified by a fast compressional or a shear wave at end-on incidence. The basic dynamic field quantities such as the hoop stress amplitude and the radial displacement of the elastic frame are evaluated and discussed for representative values of the parameters characterizing the system. The effects of the proximity of the two cavities, the incident wave frequency and type are examined. Particular attention has been focused on multiple scattering interactions in addition to the slow wave coupling effects which is known to be the primary distinction of the scattering phenomenon in poroelasticity from the classical elastic case. Limiting case involving two empty cylindrical cavities in an elastic solid is considered and excellent agreement with a well-known solution is established.     

Analytical solution of undrained cylindrical cavity expansion in saturated soil under anisotropic initial stress

This paper presents an analytical solution for undrained elasto-plastic cylindrical cavity expansion in saturated soil under anisotropic initial stress. The problem is formulated by assuming small-strain deformation in the elastic zone and large-strain deformation in the plastic zone. Plastic yielding is determined by the Tresca failure criterion and an associated flow rule. Two stress functions are used to describe the stress state in the two zones around the cavity. The elasto-plastic boundary can subsequently be determined by solving the two stress functions under the stress boundary conditions. Additionally, the cavity pressure-expansion relationship, the total stress and the excess pore pressure around the cavity wall under anisotropic initial stress can be easily obtained by application of a numerical integration. The results show that the cavity pressure and excess pore pressure under the isotropic initial total stress (K = 1) are larger than those under the anisotropic initial stress (K > 1 and K < 1), which is true at all states of the expansion. The higher value of K develops lower stress and pore pressure around the cavity wall at the ultimate states. However, the stress and excess pore pressure are not sensitive to the value of K. The present solution may be used for analyzing the uplift capacity of plate anchors in soils and Horizontal Directional Drilling (HDD) problems such as the tunneling, and pipeline installation.     

水平循环荷载下海上大直径单桩累积变形特性

受风、波浪等荷载作用海上大直径单桩的水平循环受荷特性在其设计中更为关键。基于有限差分程序,通过开发用户子程序实现土体刚度衰减模型的嵌入,分析循环次数和荷载特征对桩基累积变形的影响规律,并讨论累积变形预测模型的适用性与可靠性。研究结果表明,密砂地基中荷载值的增加将导致累积变形发展加快,设计最大循环荷载值应控制在0.58倍的桩基静承载力内;对数模型能较好地预测小循环荷载值作用下桩基累积变形,而低估较大荷载值引起的累积变形;幂函数模型较好地反映不同荷载作用下的桩基累积变形发展规律,且模型参数α的取值随着荷载幅值的增加呈线性增大,并给出了不同荷载下幂函数模型的设计参数。     

Cylindrical-wave approach for the electromagnetic scattering problem by buried two-dimensional objects

A spectral-domain method, for the solution of the two-dimensional electromagnetic plane-wave scattering by a finite set of perfectly-conducting or dielectric cylinders buried in a dielectric half-space, has been developed. The scattered field is represented in terms of a superposition of cylindrical waves, and use is made of the plane-wave spectrum to take into account the reflection and transmission of such waves by the interface. The problem is solved for both the near- and the far-field regions, for TM and TE polarizations. In this work we briefly resume the theoretical basis of our approach. For configurations in which more obstacles are buried in the ground, and they are near to one another, we give details about the convergence rate of our method, and about the properties of our algorithms for the integration of cylindrical functions. With our technique it is possible to simulate two-dimensional buried obstacles of general shape, by means of a suitable set of circular-section cylinders: in this paper we show preliminary results of simulations carried out using arrays of same-radius circular cylinders, and of different-radius circular cylinders.     

柱状成层地层中仪器偏心对阵列感应测井响应的影响

采用柱状成层介质的并矢Green函数高效计算井眼中偏心发射源产生的电磁波,并利用该算法模拟了阵列感应测井仪器在井眼中偏心时的响应.在模拟时既考虑到了金属心轴的存在也考虑到了线圈系所处绝缘层的存在,并重点分析了绝缘层的影响.数值模拟结果表明,对相对低泥浆电导率情况而言,无论线圈距长短,线圈系所处绝缘层对仪器响应的影响均较小,可忽略不计.而对于相对高泥浆电导率情况,线圈系所处绝缘层对仪器响应的影响明显,不可忽略,且线圈距越短影响越大,仪器偏心距越大影响越大.另由数值模拟结果可以看出,在相同泥浆电导率情况下,仪器线圈距越短偏心对线圈系响应的影响越大.     

Seismic performance of cylindrical latticed-intersected-three-dimensional-beam-system reticulated mega-structure with single-layer latticed-intersected-cylindrical-shell substructures

This paper is focused on the research of seismic performance of cylindrical latticed-intersected-three-dimensional-beam-system (LITDBS) reticulated mega-structure with single-layer latticed-intersected-cylindrical-shell (LICS) substructures by time history method accounting for geometrical nonlinearity. The distribution laws of the dynamic internal forces and those of the ratios of the dynamic to static internal forces of members in this innovative structure are first studied. The behaviors of the structure under different multi-component seismic actions are analyzed, and the reasonable components of the seismic action that should be considered in design are thus obtained. Then taking the maximum dynamic internal force of the structure as the index, a series of parametric analyses are carried out, and the suitable values of several key form parameters are recommended. Additionally, the results by the response spectrum method with those by the time history method are compared, which indicates that the former is not on the safe side. Therefore, the mode-superposition response spectrum method can only be used to do preliminary seismic design of this kind of structure, and the results must be checked by the time history method at the end.     

Impact of climate change on dynamic behavior of offshore wind turbine

Global warming is expected to change the wind and wave patterns at a significant level, which may lead to conditions outside current design criteria of monopile supported offshore wind turbine (OWT). This study examines the impact of climate change on the dynamic behavior and future safety of an OWT founded in clay incorporating dynamic soil–structure interaction. A statistical downscaling model is used to generate the time series of future wind speed and wave height at local level. The responses and fatigue life of OWT are estimated for present and future periods and extent of change in design is investigated at offshore location along the west coast of India. Wind speed, wave height, and wave period data are collected from the buoy deployed by Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services and the future climate for the next 30 years is simulated using the general circulation model corresponding to Special Report on Emission Scenarios A1B scenario. The OWT is modeled as Euler–Bernoulli beam and soil–structure interaction is incorporated using nonlinear p-y springs. This study shows that changes in design of OWT are needed due to increased responses owing to the effect of climate change. Fatigue life is found to be decreased because of climate change.     

Wave run-up on slender circular cylindrical foundations for offshore wind turbines in nonlinear random waves

A practical method for estimating the wave run-up height on a slender circular cylindrical foundation for wind turbines in nonlinear random waves is provided. The approach is based on the velocity stagnation head theory and Stokes second order wave theory by assuming the basic harmonic wave motion to be a stationary Gaussian narrow-band random process. Comparisons are made with measurements by De Vos et al. (2007), and some of the highest wave run-up events that were predicted agree with those measured.