条纹小环藻对Cu^2＋、Zn^2＋耐受力和吸附作用的研究

研究了条纹小环藻（Cyclotella striata）对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的耐受力、吸附率和吸附量的作用规律.结果表明：Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻的生长影响显著（p〈0.05）,随着Cu2＋、Zn2＋含量的升高,其对条纹小环藻生长的抑制作用增大;当Cu2＋和Zn2＋的含量分别高于4.00×10-3、0.01 mg/dm3时,其对条纹小环藻的生长几乎没有影响;Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻生长的半抑制含量分别为0.26、11.17 mg/dm3.Cu2＋含量为1.00 mg/dm3和Zn2＋含量为50.00 mg/dm3的组合,对条纹小环藻生长的抑制率达72.28%,Cu2＋对条纹小环藻的毒性大于Zn2＋.条纹小环藻对Cu2＋、Zn2＋吸附效果良好,当藻细胞含量为2.45×107cells/dm3时,对Cu2＋的吸附率为63.00%;当藻细胞含量为1.75×107cells/dm3时,对Zn2＋的吸附率为60.52%;条纹小环藻对Cu2＋和Zn2＋的吸附量分别为9.26 mg/g（21.30×10-9mg/cell）和20.06 mg/g（46.15×10-9mg/cell）时,Cu2＋和Zn2＋对条纹小环藻不会产生明显毒性.     

中心硅藻梅尼小环藻淡水株和海水株亚显微结构的形态学差异

本文利用18S r RNA基因对4株经形态学初步鉴定的梅尼小环藻(Cyclotella meneghiniana)进行了分子鉴定。结果显示,这4株分离自淡水环境(2株)和海水环境(2株)的梅尼小环藻的18S r RNA基因序列基本一致,并与已经报道的梅尼小环藻(登录号为GQ148712和AY496212)聚为一支,不同方法所构建的系统树的支持率分别为99%(邻接法)和98%(最大似然法),表明这4株来自不同环境的藻为同一物种——梅尼小环藻。随后作者利用扫描电镜技术在亚显微水平上对这4株梅尼小环藻进行了观察,结果显示:梅尼小环藻淡水株和海水株具有相当不同的亚显微结构特征。生活在海水的梅尼小环藻藻株具有更大的细胞以及更多的中央支持突。此外,本文还对造成梅尼小环藻种内高水平形态差异的原因以及18S r RNA基因序列是否可以作为小环藻属物种鉴定的分子标记做了分析和讨论。     

The Holocene history of West Basin Lake,Victoria, Australia; chemical changes based on fossil biota and sediment mineralogy

Analyses of diatoms, ostracods, pollen and sediment mineralogy from a 524 cm core from a stratified, hypersaline crater lake, West Basin, Victoria, has revealed clear shifts in the lake's water balance and chemistry and the region's climate over the last 10 000 years. Diatom and ostracod analyses reveal lake water salinity changes which are consistent with the conditions suitable for the precipitation of the carbonate and other minerals identified using x-ray diffraction analysis. The fluctuations in lake water balance deduced from diatom and ostracod inferred lake salinity suggest that the lake began to fill at the beginning of the Holocene and was saline and shallow. Toward the mid-Holocene the water levels rose and yet the lake remained largely saline. The late Holocene is marked by a return to more shallow but fluctuating, water conditions. Through the whole period, the regional dryland vegetation was dominated by open sclerophyll woodland. Both the lacustrine and regional environments interpreted here are consistent with those from Holocene records elsewhere in the region.This is the fourth in a series of papers published in this issue on the paleolimnology of arid regions. These papers were presented at the Sixth International Palaeolimnology Symposium held 19–21 April, 1993 at the Australian National University, Canberra, Australia. Dr A. R. Chivas served as guest editor for these papers.     

Recent diatom assemblage changes in subarctic Lake Saanajärvi, NW Finnish Lapland, and their paleoenvironmental implications

Diatoms were analysed from a 30-cm long sediment core obtained from remote subarctic Lake Saanaärvi (69°03N, 20°52E) in order to trace possible changes in the lake. Diatom assemblages were relatively constant throughout the core, except in the top 4–5 cm (approx 1850 A.D.) where relative frequencies of Aulacoseira italica subsp. subarctica, A. lirata var. biseriata, Cyclotella comensis and C. glomerata increased markedly. No significant trends were observed in the weighted averaging (WA) reconstructed pH values. Several hypotheses, including (i) airborne pollution, (ii) climatic change, and (iii) catchment disturbances have been put forth to explain the recent changes in diatom assemblages. The diatom change coincides with a marked increase in mean annual temperature that has been documented in the area since the termination of the Little Ice Age. Our evidence favours climate change as the main causative mechanism for the observed diatom compositional changes, although other explanations cannot be ruled out.     

饥饿对条纹锯鮨仔鱼的存活、摄食及生长的影响

在温度(22.9±0.8)℃、盐度30～32、DO≥5.0mg/L、pH7.8～8.2, 光照强度40～100lx条件下,对人工孵化的条纹锯鮨仔鱼开展饥饿胁迫对其存活、摄食、生长的变化规律的试验研究及影响,确定仔鱼的不可逆点（PNR）。结果显示,仔鱼在孵化后2d开口摄食,仔鱼体长开始下降,从内源营养期转入混合营养期,持续1d;3d时卵黄囊、油球消失,仔鱼体长增加,进入外源营养期,初次摄食率可达到68.25％。3d12h时初次摄食率最高达到88.24％,之后初次摄食率逐渐下降,5d时初次摄食率下降为37.5％,可知条纹锯鮨PNR=5。6d12h时试验组仔鱼全部死亡。结果表明,内源营养期对照组与试验组无显著差异,对卵黄囊与油球的利用率相似。混合营养期,仔鱼体长出现负增长,且试验组负增长速率明显高于对照组。外源营养期,试验组仔鱼体长持续下降,至PNR时体长负增长速率加快,死亡率增加,直至全部死亡;对照组仔鱼体长开始增长,死亡率逐渐下降并趋于稳定。对照组仔鱼生长模式：快速生长的内源性营养期-微弱负增长的混合营养期-正常生长的外源营养期;试验组生长模式：快速生长的内源性营养期-微弱负增长的混合营养期-可建立外源摄食的负增长期和不可建立外源摄食的负增长期4个阶段。条纹锯鮨仔鱼孵出后2～5d为摄食的关键时期。     

温度、光照对小环藻生长和叶绿素a含量的影响

用单因子和正交实验方法研究了温度和光照对小环藻生长和叶绿素a含量的影响。结果表明,温度对小环藻生长和叶绿素a含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),当温度在30~40℃时比增长率和叶绿素a含量分别为0.37~0.38 d-1和1 084.4~1 214.2μg.L-1,均显著高于其他温度组。光照对小环藻生长和叶绿素a含量有极显著影响(P<0.01),当光照强度从29.25~146.26μmol.m-2.s-1时比增长率最高,为0.30~0.32 d-1;而叶绿素a含量则在9.75~58.50μmol.m-2.s-1时最高,达709.7~731.8μg.L-1,极显著高于其他照度组。正交实验结果表明:在35℃、87.75μmol.m-2.s-1条件下种群增长最快,比增长率为0.4402 d-1;在30℃、29.25μmol.m-2.s-1时,叶绿素a含量最高,为1 746.6μg.L-1。     

Antimicrobial peptide hepcidin contributes to host defense of Centropristis striata against Vibrio harveyi challenge

Hepcidins are small cysteine-rich antimicrobial peptides that play a vital role in immunity against pathogen invasion.Here,a hepcidin(Cshep) from Centropristis striata was described,which is considered as a valuable aquaculture marine species in China.The open reading frame consisted of 273 bp.Eight conserved cysteine residues were identified.Phylogenetic analysis showed that Cshep had a relatively close relationship with the hepcidin from Epinephelus moara.Quantitative real-time PCR analysis demonstrated that Cshep was highly expressed in liver and significantly up-regulated when challenged with Vibrio harveyi.In addition,the synthetic Cshep peptide had a high antimicrobial activity against V.harveyi,but low against other pathogenic bacteria tested in this study.The killing kinetics analysis revealed that Cshep had a fast bactericidal effect on V.harveyi.These results suggested that Cshep may be involved in the immune response of C.striata against V.harveyi infection.     

Further evidence for the existence of sub‐littoral populations of toheroa,Amphidesma ventricosum Gray (eulamelli‐branchiata), off the west coast of New Zealand

The finding of shells of toheroa (Amphidesma ventricosum Gray) which had been drilled by gastropods absent from the littoral zone, is presented as evidence for the existence of sub‐littoral populations of toheroa.     

亚热带虾池条纹小环藻铜和锌富集及其动力学研究

铜和锌是普遍存于对虾养殖池塘中的重金属污染物质,查明铜和锌在水环境中的迁移规律对有效防控养殖环境铜和锌污染以及对虾健康养殖具有重要意义。作者在不同铜和锌暴露时间下测定了条纹小环藻(Cyclotella striata)铜和锌富集富集率,研究了条纹小环藻铜和锌富集动力学,并探讨了温度、盐度和光照度对条纹小环藻铜和锌富集的影响。结果表明:条纹小环藻铜和锌富集过程分为快速、慢速和富集平衡3个阶段。快速富集在30 min内完成,富集率可达70%以上;慢速富集大约分别在4 h和6 h完成,富集率均可达90%;以后达到富集平衡。温度、盐度和光照度对条纹小环藻铜和锌富集有显著影响。条纹小环藻铜和锌富集的最适温度范围分别为25~35℃和15~35℃,盐度范围分别为20~35和25~30,光照度均为3000~7500 lx。条纹小环藻铜和锌富集的光饱和点为3000 lx。条纹小环藻在亚热带虾池中对铜和锌均具有较强的富集能力。     

温度波动对浮游藻类生长及多糖组成的影响

以铜绿微囊藻、蛋白核小球藻及梅尼小环藻为研究对象,分析了春季藻类演替期间主要门类藻对温度波动的响应,实验在恒温(20℃)和昼夜波动(20±5℃)2种温度模式下测定了3种藻的生长和不同形态多糖含量的变化.结果表明,蛋白核小球藻的生长曲线在不同处理条件下没有显著性差异,铜绿微囊藻和梅尼小环藻的生长曲线在波动温度组显著低于恒定温度组,而且温度波动对梅尼小环藻的生长抑制明显强于铜绿微囊藻.随着实验的进行,3种藻在2个温度处理组中的生长速率逐渐趋近,无显著差异,但是在实验中段3种藻的生长速率对2个温度处理的响应差异显著,其中温度波动对蛋白核小球藻的生长速率起到了显著的抑制作用,对梅尼小环藻起到短暂的显著抑制作用,而对铜绿微囊藻的生长速率无显著性影响,表明铜绿微囊藻对短期(3~6 d)的温度波动表现出较强的适应能力.铜绿微囊藻的游离多糖含量在温度波动条件下显著增加,而固着多糖和总多糖的含量显著减少;蛋白核小球藻和梅尼小环藻多糖的含量没有显著性变化,表明温度波动可能不利于铜绿微囊藻固着多糖的积累.因此,相对短期的温度波动有利于铜绿微囊藻生长优势的确立与维持,而相对长期的温度波动可能会通过影响铜绿微囊藻固着多糖的积累而影响其生长优势的维持.