盐度对太平洋牡蛎面盘幼虫垂直分布的影响

于1986年夏、秋两季在福建省惠安、罗源采集太平洋牡蛎,以人工授精法获取受精卵,在空调室内研究盐度变化对太平洋牡蛎面盘幼虫趋性行为的影响。结果表明,盐度的提高能促使牡蛎D形面盘幼虫从正趋地性转变为负趋地性,同时幼虫的正趋光性也得到加强。在D形面盘幼虫期,能引起趋光性加强的盐度增加阈值为2.9×10~(-12);在8日龄壳顶面盘幼虫,提高至5.0×10~(-12)以上。当D形面盘幼虫和壳顶面盘幼虫分别从25×10~(-12)移置于30×10~(-12)时,趋光水平能得到明显提高的时间阈值分别为4h和6h。据以上结果,作者认为该种幼虫在河口区有无阻留的主动性取决于该区环境的变化,同时也与幼虫不同发育时期有关。盐跃层的存在对牡蛎幼虫垂直分布的影响表明,只要盐跃层为2.5×10~(-12),即能抑制幼虫的向上游泳;一旦盐跃层增加,其阻抑作用仍维持接近低盐跃层水平。这说明盐跃层的存在对牡蛎幼虫的垂直迁移具有重要作用。     

单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种室内人工培育模式的优化

为提高单体“海大1号”长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的培育效率,本研究以3种培育模式(下降流、上升流和静水)、6个水流量梯度(20、35、50、65、80和95 mL/s)和6个培育密度梯度(2.5、5、7.5、10、12.5和15个/mL)对单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种中间培育生长情况进行了研究。研究表明,单体“海大1号”长牡蛎苗种中间培育时,上升流和下降流均比静水培育效果好,培育前5天采用下降流、第6~29天采用上升流时,稚贝生长快、死亡率低;水流量小于65 mL/s时,随水流量的增加,稚贝生长加快,死亡率降低,水流量在65~80 mL/s时,单体牡蛎稚贝生长存活最优,第29天时最大壳高达(1534.81±65.23)μm。单体“海大1号”长牡蛎稚贝苗种中间培育时,随着培育密度的增大,挤迫效应逐渐显现,密度为7.5个/mL时,死亡率相对较低,且稚贝生长速度快,在第29天时稚贝壳高最大可达(1520.63±51.72)μm。基于以上研究结果,建议在规模化单体“海大1号”长牡蛎稚贝中间培育时,采用上升流和下降流相结合的流水培育方式,适当增加水流量,及时疏散密度。本研究优化了单体“海大1号”长牡蛎室内培育模式,为单体牡蛎规模化培育提供了参考方法和理论依据。     

近江牡蛎耗氧率和排氨率的研究

采用室内实验生态学方法研究近江牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率。结果表明,在实验温度13~33℃范围内,近江牡蛎的耗氧率(RO)和排氨率(RN)与体重(W)均呈负相关,可用Y=aW-b表示。耗氧率和温度的关系可表示为RO=-c+b1t-b2 t2,耗氧率为0.626~2.354 mg.g-1.h-1;在温度13~28℃范围内,耗氧率随温度的升高而增加,28℃时,耗氧率达最大值,温度升高至33℃时,耗氧率反而下降。排氨率与温度的关系可表示为RN=c1e d1t,排氨率为0.075~0.318 mg.g-1.h-1,且随温度的升高,排氨率呈持续升高趋势。近江牡蛎呼吸和排泄Q10值范围分别为0.631~3.399和1.046~2.288。在28℃,不同规格近江牡蛎呼吸氧原子数与排出氨氮原子数的比值(nO/nN)均达到最大值。方差分析表明,体重、温度及二者的交互作用对近江牡蛎的耗氧率和排氨率均有极显著的影响(P<0.01)。近江牡蛎的日常代谢明显高于标准代谢,耗氧率和排氨率平均值分别提高46.8%和67.7%。     

Feasibility of co-culture of the Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) with the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) in northern New Zealand

The Australasian sea cucumber (Australostichopus mollis) has attracted commercial attention for aquaculture development, partly due to its potential for co-culture with shellfish and finfish species. However, minimal attention has been given to the possibility of co-culturing this species with oysters. In this study we evaluated the growth of juvenile sea cucumbers (36.7 ± 0.9 g, wet weight) caged underneath Pacific oyster farms in northern New Zealand. Co-culture started at the end of the summer, and after 304 days the juveniles had doubled in size (79.8 ± 3.3 g, wet weight), but their subsequent growth appeared to be constrained by overstocking of the cages and summer water temperatures, reaching a carrying capacity of 720 g m^?2. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the co-culture of juvenile sea cucumbers with Pacific oysters is feasible, if sea cucumber losses are reduced (between 33% and 52% lost in this study) and careful attention is given to stocking rates and the water temperature regimes of oyster farms in order to maintain adequate growth rates.     

香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)与长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)种间杂种遗传力评估

以平衡巢式设计(1长牡蛎♂:3香港牡蛎♀)构建的45个香港牡蛎(Crassostrea hongkongensis)×长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)种间杂交家系为材料,对其生长、存活及产量性状狭义遗传力进行了评估,并对其两两对应性状表型相关及遗传相关进行了分析。结果表明:(1)生长性状的遗传力大小为0.6207—0.8785,以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的幼虫15日龄、稚贝180日龄、幼贝360日龄壳高遗传力分别为0.6355、0.4828、0.5787,其360日龄鲜重遗传力为0.7740;(2)存活性状的遗传力大小为0.2748—0.3957,以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的幼虫15日龄、稚贝180日龄、幼贝360日龄存活率遗传力分别为0.1900、0.2939、0.4064;(3)产量是生长与存活的共同作用结果,360日龄产量的遗传力及以父系半同胞组内相关法估计的遗传力分别为0.6706、0.5018。从其生长相关性上看,幼虫期与稚贝期出现了微弱负向相关;除了幼虫期与幼贝期的壳高及产量,及其稚贝期与幼贝产量间无相关性以外;其它的两两生长性状间均为显著正相关。从存活与产量的相关性上看,无论是表型性状,还是遗传性状均出现了积极的正相关,以遗传相关为主。本研究为建立远缘杂交育种方法和策略提供必要的理论依据。     

Multi-technique approach to characterise the effects of cryopreservation on larval development of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas)

Cryopreservation experiments were conducted on D-stage larvae of the Pacific oyster (Crassostrea gigas) to investigate the effects of two cryoprotectant solutions and three cooling rates on larval development from 1 to 22 days post-fertilisation. Cryoprotectant solutions were made up to final concentrations (after 1:1 dilution with larvae) of 10% ethylene glycol, 1% polyvinylpyrrolidone and either 0.2 or 0.4 M trehalose. Three cooling rates (0.5, 1 and 2 °C min^?1 between ?10 and ?35 °C post-holding) were tested in an orthogonal design with the two cryoprotectants. Results indicate that control larvae out-performed all cryopreservation treatments for survival, feeding consumption and shell length parameters. However, larvae exposed to 0.4 M trehalose did considerably better than those exposed to 0.2 M trehalose, regardless of cooling rate conditions. Scanning electron and light microscopy observations were used to assess larval morphology and organogenesis, indicating that treatments with surviving larvae were morphologically and developmentally similar to control larvae.     

长牡蛎dpp同源基因的克隆及其在贝壳发生中的功能研究

dpp是转化生长因子β家族的重要成员,在胚胎发育中作为形态发生子参与体轴形成及附肢发育等过程。为了研究牡蛎dpp同源基因在贝壳发生中的作用,揭示贝壳发生的分子机理,作者克隆了一种长牡蛎(Crassostrea gigas)的dpp基因,命名为cgdpp。序列和进化分析显示,cgdpp分子中不同位点的氨基酸残基变异程度不同。作者用整装原位杂交的手段研究了dpp同源基因在长牡蛎早期发育中的表达情况。结果表明,dpp同源基因参与了从贝壳形成区开始分化到早期贝壳形成的全过程。在担轮幼虫(Trochophore)中,dpp同源基因似乎调控了贝壳的形状与扩张速度;在早期D形幼虫中,dpp同源基因表达量突然下降至痕量水平,并与贝壳发育区无明显的关联,提示dpp同源基因可能仅仅参与了贝壳的发生,不参与其进一步的发育过程。     

Genome-wide survey and analysis of microsatellites in the Pacific oyster genome: abundance,distribution, and potential for marker development

Microsatellites are a ubiquitous component of the eukaryote genome and constitute one of the most popular sources of molecular markers for genetic studies. However, no data are currently available regarding microsatellites across the entire genome in oysters, despite their importance to the aquaculture industry. We present the fi rst genome-wide investigation of microsatellites in the Pacifi c oyster Crassostrea gigas by analysis of the complete genome, resequencing, and expression data. The Pacifi c oyster genome is rich in microsatellites. A total of 604 653 repeats were identifi ed, in average of one locus per 815 base pairs(bp). A total of 12 836 genes had coding repeats, and 7 332 were expressed normally, including genes with a wide range of molecular functions. Compared with 20 different species of animals, microsatellites in the oyster genome typically exhibited 1) an intermediate overall frequency; 2) relatively uniform contents of(A)n and(C)n repeats and abundant long(C)n repeats(≥24 bp); 3) large average length of(AG)n repeats; and 4) scarcity of trinucleotide repeats. The microsatellite-fl anking regions exhibited a high degree of polymorphism with a heterozygosity rate of around 2.0%, but there was no correlation between heterozygosity and microsatellite abundance. A total of 19 462 polymorphic microsatellites were discovered, and dinucleotide repeats were the most active, with over 26% of loci found to harbor allelic variations. In all, 7 451 loci with high potential for marker development were identifi ed. Better knowledge of the microsatellites in the oyster genome will provide information for the future design of a wide range of molecular markers and contribute to further advancements in the fi eld of oyster genetics, particularly for molecular-based selection and breeding.     

Effects of Salinity on Embryonic Development,Survival, and Growth of Crassostrea hongkongensis

This study examined the effects of salinity on embryonic development,survival,and growth of the Hong Kong oyster Crassostrea hongkongensis.The embryos,larvae,and juveniles of C.hongkongensis were held in artificial seawater at three different salinities （low,15; medium,23; and high,30） to determine the optimum hatchery and nursery conditions for mass production of the seeds.Results showed that the percentage production of straight-hinged larvae from fertilized eggs was significantly lower at the high salinity than at the low-and medium-salinities （P ＜ 0.05）.The survival rates of larvae and juveniles differed significantly among the three salinity trials,with the highest survival rate observed at the low salinity （P＜ 0.05）.The shell height of larvae was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities from days 9 to 15 （P＜ 0.05）,whereas that of juveniles was significantly larger at the low salinity than at the high and medium salinities on day 70 （P ＜ 0.05）.These results indicate that the larvae and juveniles of C.hongkongensis are tolerant to a wide range of salinities （15 to 30）,but show better growth and survival at relatively low salinities.Thus,it is recommended to use relatively low salinities in hatchery and nursery systems for improved yields of C.hongkongensis.     

不同规格近江牡蛎的排氨率和耗氧率分析

采用实验生态学方法研究了不同规格近江牡蛎的呼吸和排泄生理生态学参数。结果显示,近江牡蛎耗氧率R_O随软体干重(W )的增加而减小, 体重对近江牡蛎耗氧率(R_O)的影响达极显著水平,R_O = 1.8232W^-0.7600, (R²= 0.8313 , P <0.01); 近江牡蛎的排氨率(R_N)和排磷率(R_P)随软体干重的增加而降低,呈负相关关系;而氧氮比O/N和氮磷比N/P在各组间未达显著水平(P >0.05) , R_N = 0.0930W^-0.6582 (R² = 0.7444, P <0.01)、R_P = 0.0126W^-0.8874 (R² = 0.9224,P <0.01);各组不同规格近(大小)江牡蛎的O/N值较高,而N/P值则随规格增大而呈上升趋势,但差异也不显著(P >0.05)。这些研究结果对牡蛎养殖密度和环境关系分析及牡蛎健康养殖具有重要参考价值。