Hydrodynamic interactions and relative motions of two floating platforms with mooring lines in side-by-side offloading operation

The hydrodynamic interaction and mechanical coupling effects of two floating platforms connected by elastic lines are investigated by using a time-domain multi-hull/mooring/riser coupled dynamics analysis program. Particular attention is paid to the contribution of off-diagonal hydrodynamic interaction terms on the relative motions during side-by-side offloading operation. In this regard, the exact method (CMM: combined matrix method) including all the vessel and line dynamics, and the 12×12 hydrodynamic coefficients in a combined matrix is developed. The performance of two typical approximation methods (NHI/No Hydrodynamic Interaction: iteration method between two vessels without considering hydrodynamic interaction effects; SMM/Separated Matrix Method: iteration method between two vessels with partially considering hydrodynamic interaction effects, i.e. ignoring off-diagonal cross-coupling terms in the 12×12 hydrodynamic coefficient matrix) is also tested for the same side-by-side offloading operation in two different environmental conditions. The numerical examples show that there exists significant discrepancy at sway and roll modes between the exact and the approximation methods, which means that the cross-coupling (off-diagonal block) terms of the full hydrodynamic coefficient matrix play an important role in the case of side-by-side offloading operation. Therefore, such approximation methods should be used with care. The fender reaction forces, which exhibit large force with contact but no force without contact, are also numerically modeled in the present time-domain simulation study.     

太湖对周边城市热环境影响的模拟

太湖微气候条件及局地热环境的研究对于太湖周边城市地区可持续发展以及大气宏观调控具有重要意义。为了更准确模拟太湖湖-气交换,将CLM4-LISSS浅水湖泊陆面过程参数化方案耦合进入WRF中的Noah陆面过程模型。采用太湖湖上平台及岸边陆上测站观测的数据,评估了CLM4-LISSS浅水湖泊过程方案对太湖区域近地层气象条件的模拟性能。并基于耦合模型模拟研究了太湖对周边城市区域热环境的影响。结果表明,CLM4-LISSS湖泊陆面过程方案模拟的湖表面温度能反映真实温度的变化趋势。两种陆面过程方案在2 m气温的模拟值也存在一定的差异。CLM4-LISSS与Noah方案计算所得湖上2 m气温的模拟值与观测值的平均均方根误差分别为1.77和2.22℃,平均相关系数分别为0.88和0.84;模拟10 m风速的平均均方根误差分别为1.93和2.78 m/s,平均相关系数为0.72和0.68。太湖对周边城市热环境存在明显的影响。8月太湖对周边地区15时（北京时）近地层平均降温0.5-0.7℃,影响范围达60 km。06时太湖导致周边近地层平均升温达0.7-1℃,影响范围达50 km。湖风带来的冷空气抑制了城市热岛的垂直运动,在高温天气下使得苏州、无锡和常州城市地区昼间边界层下降高度可达300、400和100 m。无锡地区边界层内气温最高降幅可达0.5-0.7℃。通过选取无锡地区2015年8月28日高温小风天气作为背景条件,分析该地区湖风对城市热岛环流的影响机制。结果表明湖风能够破坏无锡地区的热岛环流结构,改变近地面热量和水汽的分布,抑制城市热岛的垂直发展,并影响至整个无锡地区。局地热力环流的变化对于局地气候以及污染物质的输送与扩散有可能产生重要影响,准确的湖泊陆面过程参数化方案对于天气预报、空气污染模拟,以及气候模拟研究等均具有重要意义。     

Prediction of groundwater inrush into coal mines from aquifers underlying the coal seams in China: vulnerability index method and its construction

Groundwater inrushes often occur in the coal mines of China. One of the water sources is the aquifers underlying the coal seams. Because such a water hazard is affected by many factors, data collected from various sources need to be evaluated to predict its occurrence. This paper introduces an innovative approach in which the water inrush risk is represented by the vulnerability index. This method combines the geographic information system and the artificial neural network. The artificial neural network is used to estimate the weight of each factor. Unlike the traditional prediction method in which two controlling factors are often evaluated without regard to their relative importance, this new approach incorporates multi-factors and describes the non-linear dynamical processes.     

四川盆地震旦系灯影组油气四中心耦合成藏过程

四川盆地元古界震旦系灯影组,时代老、埋藏深,天然气藏形成经历了生气中心(古油藏和未成藏石油的富集区)-储气中心(古气藏和未成藏天然气及水溶气的富集区)-保气中心(现今气藏和未成藏天然气及水溶气的富集区)的变换过程。生气中心是储气中心的主要"气源"、储气中心是现今保气中心的主要"气源"。生气中心的形成受控于烃源岩所在部位的生烃中心(烃源灶)。震旦系灯影组天然气藏的形成是在多期构造作用控制下由油气的四中心(生烃中心、生气中心、储气中心和保气中心)的耦合关系决定的。油气能否成藏和保存下来的关键取决于烃源是否丰富和保存条件是否较佳, 即具有源盖联合控烃控藏的特征。生烃中心受控于盆地的原型格局, 形成后其空间位置即无变动性; 而其余三中心受构造作用的控制而变动性较易和较大。因此,"三中心"(生气中心、储气中心和保气中心)在空间上的分布关系,决定了油气的最终分布。威远-资阳震旦系灯影组气田的成藏过程是典型的储气中心和保气中心短距离(30km)移位的耦合关系; 川东南丁山-林滩场震旦系灯影组古油气藏的形成及破坏过程是典型的缺乏保气中心的耦合关系。     

对流参数化与微物理过程的耦合及其对台风预报的影响研究

在SAS（Relaxed Arakawa-schubert Scheme）对流参数化方案中引入对流云和层状云的相互耦合机制,并通过一个台风个例对改进前后两种方案的预报效果进行了比较。试验结果表明：对于台风这种对流云和层状云相互作用非常强烈的天气系统,在对流参数化方案中引入对流云和层状云的耦合机制可以有效地提高模式对台风路径的预报水平,但是对于台风强度的预报效果不明显。考虑对流参数化和微物理过程耦合后模式的参数化降水变弱而格点降水增强,与NCEP再分析资料的对比发现,改进方案对于台风外围的大尺度温度场和湿度场的预报会有所改进,但仍然存在偏干偏冷的现象。对雨和雪的不同处理方式、不同云底条件以及是否考虑雨雪的卷入抬升三个方面进行了敏感性试验,发现72 h内模式预报结果对这些因素的差异不是很敏感。从多个个例的统计结果来看,新方案对台风路径预报的改进效果是比较稳定的。     

Coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper reaches of Min River

Human settlements are the place where human beings live,among which the rural settlements can be regarded as a reflection of human-land relationship in mountain areas because their vertical distribution is greatly influenced by the specific geographical environment and ecological conditions of mountains.Based on field investigation,this paper uses physical,geographical,and ecological theories to make a comprehensive study of rural settlements and mountain disasters in the upper Min River,which is an ecologically fragile area with high-frequency disasters（collapse,landslide,debris flow,etc.） and a minority inhabit district.By applying these modern scientific theories,this paper attempts to shed some light on the relationship between rural settlements and mountain disasters.Consequently,an in-depth understanding of this relationship was achieved as follows：（1） Rural settlements and mountain disasters are mainly distributed in the intercepted flows of water and soil; and both quantity and quality of arable lands in mountains are important indicators of these flows.（2） The Small Watershed Management Project is a complex system of rural settlements and mountain disasters that interacts with and constrains the ecological system.By this project,the human survival will be better guaranteed.Being fundamental for the ecological reconstruction,the coupling mechanism of rural settlements and mountain disasters is not only an engine to promote harmonious development between human and nature,but also a bridge to link them.     

高煤级煤储层渗透性与应力耦合模型及控制机理

煤储层应力敏感性是影响煤层气井产能的地质因素,以鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘高煤级煤储层为对象,通过煤样的应力敏感性实验和现场测试,建立了高煤级煤储层渗透性与应力之间的相关关系和模型;探讨了渗透性变化的控制机理.研究结果表明, 煤储层渗透率随应力的增加按负指数函数规律降低.在应力小于5 MPa时,煤储层渗透率随应力增加快速下降,应力敏感性最强;应力在5~10 MPa时,渗透率随应力增加而较快下降,应力敏感性较强;而当应力大于10 MPa后,渗透率随应力的增加下降速度减缓,应力敏感性减弱.与沁水盆地南部高煤级煤样实验结果对比认为,鄂尔多斯盆地东南缘山西组2煤层应力敏感性要小于沁水盆地南部山西组3煤层的应力敏感性.煤储层渗透性是在应力作用下煤储层中裂隙产生压缩(压密)变形,裂隙开度急剧减小的结果.因此在煤层气开发过程中控制排采速度,尤其是排采早期降液速度,对于防止煤储层应力敏感性,提高采收率具有实际意义.     

区域地壳稳定性研究现状与趋势

回顾了区域地壳稳定性发展历史及现状。区域稳定评价应和工程实际要求紧密结合 ,逐步实现由场地评价场地利用地质工程设计的转变 ;在理论上紧密结合岩石圈动力学 ,大陆动力学等当代地球科学发展前沿 ;在分析评价上 ,考虑内外地球动力作用的耦合 ,将地球内外动力地质灾害统一起来分析 ,建立统一地质灾害动力学模型 ,最终实现区域地壳稳定性研究的系统化和定量化     

钻孔耦合因素对引潮力标定的影响分析

利用多层厚壁筒组合的力学模型,分析介质力学性质变化对钻孔面应变耦合系数的影响。利用引潮力标定方法对观测资料的研究表明,"地层、水泥环和钢筒"模型不能完全反映观测条件,考虑原地应力卸载影响的四层介质耦合模型,与观测环境基本相符,可以对观测结果进行较合理解释,同时发现钻孔面应变耦合系数的大小与台站的背景应力场存在一定关系。     

肇庆市降水与地质环境耦合的地质灾害预警方法

对1991~2003年肇庆市发生的21例地质灾害的资料进行分析,运用降水与地质环境耦合的预警方法,得出相对固定的全市地质灾害易发程度分区图,并确定各易发区诱发灾害的气象预警指标及判别值,根据逐日的降水预报按二维综合判别模型计算输出地质灾害预警等级结果。在2006年4~9月期间进行预测检验,准确率达83%,证明它是实用而有效的。