Hydrodynamic shape optimization by high fidelity CFD solver and Gaussian process based response surface method

A computational framework for hydrodynamic shape optimization of complex ship hull form is proposed and applied to improve the calm water performance of the KRISO Container Ship (KCS). The framework relies on three key features: a novel shape morphing method based on a combination of subdivision surfaces and free form deformations, a robust three dimensional viscous computational fluid dynamic solver based on the openFOAM open-source libraries and a Gaussian process-response surface method (GP-RSM) based on ordinary Kriging model which has been created to speed-up the evaluation of the quantity of interest (QoI) of the design process.The accuracy of the hydrodynamic solver is proven by comparing the obtained results against available experimental measurements. A preliminary sensitivity analysis on the mesh size has been carried out aiming at reducing the computational burden required by the CFD predictions. Three GP-RSMs have been trained relying on increasing number of hull designs. Each surrogate model has been cross-validated by both leave-one-out and k-fold techniques. The behaviours of these multi-dimensional surfaces have been analyzed in details by sampling the investigated design space with 10⁷ points according to a Full-Factorial algorithm, highlighting the regions of maximum deviation with respect to the resistance of the reference hull. The three optimum designs provided by the corresponding GP-RSM models have been verified by using high-fidelity CFD simulations with a refined mesh configuration. Calm water resistance, wave patterns and pressure distributions over the selected hull surfaces have been discussed in the light of the generated shape variations.     

Optimized support vector regression algorithm-based modeling of ship dynamics

This study contributes to solving the problem of how to derive a simplistic model feasible for describing dynamics of different types of ships for maneuvering simulation employed to study maritime traffic and furthermore to provide ship models for simulation-based engineering test-beds. The problem is first addressed with the modification and simplification of a complicated and nonlinearly coupling vectorial representation in 6 degrees of freedom (DOF) to a 3 DOF model in a simple form for simultaneously capturing surge motions and steering motions based on several pieces of reasonable assumptions. The created simple dynamic model is aiming to be useful for different types of ships only with minor modifications on the experiment setup. Another issue concerning the proposed problem is the estimation of parameters in the model through a suitable technique, which is investigated by using the system identification in combination with full-scale ship trail tests, e.g., standard zigzag maneuvers. To improve the global optimization ability of support vector regression algorithm (SVR) based identification method, the artificial bee colony algorithm (ABC) presenting superior optimization performance with the advantage of few control parameters is used to optimize and assign the particular settings for structural parameters of SVR. Afterward, the simulation study on identifying a simplified dynamic model for a large container ship verifies the effectiveness of the optimized identification method at the same time inspires special considerations on further simplification of the initially simplified dynamic model. Finally, the further simplified dynamic model is validated through not only the simulation study on a container ship but also the experimental study on an unmanned surface vessel so-called I-Nav-II vessel. Either simulation study results or experimental study results demonstrate a valid model in a simple form for describing the dynamics of different types’ ships and also validate the performance of the proposed parameter estimation method.     

Experimental investigation of single blade and propeller loads by free running model test. Straight ahead sailing

The understanding and the accurate assessment of propeller loads in realistic operative scenario, both design and off-design conditions, is of paramount importance to design low emission and comfortable ships, fulfilling the requirements of structural integrity of the propulsion system, safety and continuity of operations at sea. To this purpose, a deeper characterization of the propeller functioning, in terms of averaged and fluctuating loads, can be attained by means of the quantification of the single blade loads. In this work, a novel set up that allows to monitor the loads developed by a single blade was implemented on a free running, self propelled maneuvering model with the aim to investigate in details the hydrodynamic interactions between the spatially non-homogeneous and time-variant wake of the hull and the propeller and a complete characterization of its performance. This preliminary work introduces the experimental setup and provides a preliminary overview of the results relative to straight ahead motion.     

航行船舶真风误差源分析

真风对海上航行的船舶有重要的气象导航意义,若真风测算不准确,会给导航员造成误判,影响船舶安全航行,但在船舶等运动平台上真风无法直接测量,只能依靠矢量模型计算间接获取。根据真风解算模型和误差传播规律,推导了船舶真风误差模型。在矢量模型中,航行船舶真风误差主要来自于船风和相对风的计量误差,船风的计量误差主要是由于航速航向的选取问题导致的误差,相对风的测量误差主要包括传感器自身精度、安装误差、平台姿态影响和系统性干扰误差等几个方面。以船舶转向过程为例,分析了航行风与相对风的变化规律,结合船体运动姿态,加入运动补偿修正量,建立了船舶转向式真风补偿模型。     

海洋主航道对全球集装箱运输网络的影响分析

马六甲海峡、苏伊士运河、巴拿马运河三大主航道在全球集装箱海洋运输中发挥着核心作用。本文基于全球集装箱运输船舶AIS轨迹数据构建了无向加权网络,采用网络平均度、聚类系数、平均最短路径长度等指标,从地理空间的视角,度量了全球集装箱海洋运输对三大航道的依赖性。结果表明：① 海上主航道受阻对不同区域的影响程度存在显著性差异,对国家中转功能及可达性的影响以航道为中心向外呈距离衰减效应;② 集装箱海运网络对航道的依赖性由高到低依次为马六甲海峡、苏伊士运河、巴拿马运河;③ 从区域角度看,东南亚、中东及地中海等区域国家对航道的依赖性远高于其他国家;④ 三大航道受阻导致集装箱海运网络结构特征发生变化,对海运大国中转功能及可达性产生中等级别影响,绝大部分海运国家的变幅在中等及以下级别。研究成果对全球集装箱运输网络重点航线保护及航线优化具有参考价值。     

京津冀农业劳动力及其老龄化研究

京津冀地区作为中国经济发展的重要区域之一,其农村地区农业劳动力的减少与老龄化已成为关系农业、农村与农民利益的重要问题。为此,本文对京津冀地区县域农业劳动力数量与其老龄化的时空演变进行了分析,探讨了农业劳动力数量与其老龄化之间的耦合关系,剖析了乡村振兴背景下京津冀不同县域农业劳动力及其老龄化的特征,提出不同类型未来农业劳动力的发展方向,拓宽了乡村地理学的研究视角。结果表明：① 京津冀地区农业劳动力数量整体呈下降趋势,北京周边和东部沿海地区农业劳动力数量下降趋势明显;② 农业劳动力的年龄整体呈老龄化趋势,北部地区老龄化程度最为严重;③ 京津冀县域农业劳动力数量与农业劳动力老龄化程度的耦合特征可划分为慢速-轻度老龄化、慢速-重度老龄化、快速-深度老龄化、快速-中度老龄化四大类型区。     

A new CFAR ship target detection method in SAR imagery

Many ship target detection methods have been developed since it was verified that ship could be imaged with the space-based SAR systems. Most developed detection methods mostly emphasized ship detection rate but not computation time. By making use of the advantages of the K-distribution CFAR method and two-parameter CFAR method, a new CFAR ship target detection algorithm was proposed. In that new method, we use the K-distribution CFAR method to calculate a global threshold with a certain false-alarm rate. Then the threshold is applied to the whole SAR imagery to determine the possible ship target pixels, and a binary image is given as the preliminary result. Mathematical morphological filter are used to filter the binary image. After that step, we use the two-parameter CFAR method to detect the ship targets. In the step, the local sliding window only works in the possible ship target pixels of the SAR imagery. That step avoids the statistical calculation of the background pixels, so the method proposed can much improve the processing speed. In order to test the new method, two SAR imagery with different background were used, and the detection result shows that that method can work well in different background circumstances with high detection rate. Moreover, a synchronous ship detection experiment was carried out in Qingdao port in October 28, 2005 to verify the new method and one ENVISAT ASAR imagery was acquired to detect ship targets. It can be concluded from the experiment that the new method not only has high detection rate, but also is time-consuming, and is suitable for the operational ship detection system.     

Resistance and propulsion characteristics of various commercial ships based on CFD results

This paper uses computational tools to examine the speed performance of various types of commercial ships including resistance and propulsion characteristics. Eight commercial ships built in the last decade were selected for the study. They include four large-sized container carriers, one bulk carrier, one VLCC, and two LNG carriers. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes equation has been utilized, and the computations were executed under the same conditions of the model tests to predict the speed performance, i.e., resistance and self-propulsion. The self-propulsion point was obtained from load-varying tests. The speed performance was predicted based on the model-ship performance analysis method of the revised ITTC’78 method. The limiting streamlines on the hull, wave characteristics around the model ship, and the wake characteristics on the propeller plane were also investigated. After completing the computations, a series of model tests were conducted to evaluate the accuracy of the computational predictions. The predictions clearly reveal the differences in the resistance and propulsion characteristics regarding the various types of commercial ships, and may be applicable to hull-form design.     

基于CFD模拟的单点系泊船型网箱浮架结构分析与设计

针对单点系泊(SPM)网箱系泊力大于传统网箱,离岸环境承受风浪时风险更高的问题,研究设计了一种相较传统圆形网箱拥有更小系泊力的船型网箱,运用正交原理制定了三因素三水平的试验方案,对网箱浮架进行了计算机数值模拟,分析网箱在波流共同作用下的水动力特性变化。研究表明,在兼顾经济成本与网箱安全性的条件下,长24 m,宽9 m,头部角度为60°的网箱浮架具有较优良的水动力性能和相对较低的养殖成本。该网箱系统能随着潮流改变方向而在锚点周围移动,从而极大减小网箱底部的养殖残渣堆积并降低锚固安装成本,可为我国深水网箱的发展提供一定的理论参考依据。     

基于深度学习的光学遥感影像舰船检测算法对比分析

舰船目标检测是进行海洋环境监管,保障海上权益的重要手段。基于深度学习的目标检测算法能在复杂环境下保持良好性能,为测试不同深度学习目标检测算法在舰船检测中的效果,本文构建了一个包含3893张图像的数据集,涵盖了复杂背景下不同类型的舰船,基于此数据集分别采用Faster RCNN、SSD、RetinaNet、YOLOv3、YOLOv4算法进行实验,结果表明,YOLOv4 、YOLOv3、RetinaNet、Faster RCNN平均精度均在83%以上,其中YOLOv4最高达到91.77%,Faster RCNN误检较多,而SSD平均精度最低,只有79.23%,总的舰船检测数目偏少。将5种模型训练结果在高分二号影像上进行测试,得到较好的检测效果,对舰船检测未来理论研究的开展具有一定的指导意义。