Scale dependence in habitat selection: the case of the endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) in the Cantabrian Range (NW Spain)

Animals select habitat resources at multiple spatial scales. Thus, explicit attention to scale dependency in species–habitat relationships is critical to understand the habitat suitability patterns as perceived by organisms in complex landscapes. Identification of the scales at which particular environmental variables influence habitat selection may be as important as the selection of variables themselves. In this study, we combined bivariate scaling and Maximum entropy (Maxent) modeling to investigate multiscale habitat selection of endangered brown bear (Ursus arctos) populations in northwest Spain. Bivariate scaling showed that the strength of apparent habitat relationships was highly sensitive to the scale at which predictor variables are evaluated. Maxent models on the optimal scale for each variable suggested that landscape composition together with human disturbances was dominant drivers of bear habitat selection, while habitat configuration and edge effects were substantially less influential. We found that explicitly optimizing the scale of habitat suitability models considerably improved single-scale modeling in terms of model performance and spatial prediction. We found that patterns of brown bear habitat suitability represent the cumulative influence of habitat selection across a broad range of scales, from local resources within habitat patches to the landscape composition at broader spatial scales.     

生态旅游区旅游流的时空演变与特征——以盐城麋鹿生态旅游区为例

对旅游流时空演变规律的研究,有助于揭示旅游系统内部各要素间相互作用的过程和机理。本文采用K-Means聚类法对盐城麋鹿生态旅游区游客数进行时空聚类,分别从省内和国内(省际)两个尺度上讨论了麋鹿生态旅游区游客变化的阶段性和市场划分,结果表明,1998~2005年间省内旅游流和国内(省际)旅游流从时间上可分为三个阶段,并较好地划分出了四种不同的客源地类型。根据时空聚类中不同类别中心点的变化,详细论述了麋鹿生态旅游区省内和国内(省际)旅游流随时间和空间变化的规律,揭示了不同类别之间旅游流整体变化特征,可为旅游规划、产品开发、市场营销以及旅游区的运营、管理和决策提供依据。K-Means聚类法能够从不同尺度上揭示旅游流时空变化的详细信息,可作为旅游流时空分布与演化特征分析的有效工具和手段。     

基于生活实践的人与自然生命共同体构建——西藏夏乌村案例

人与自然的关系是地理学的核心话题。以西藏夏乌村为研究案例地,基于半结构化访谈、参与式观察等质性方法,从日常生活实践视角,透视地方社会与自然的关系,剖析人与自然生命共同体何以构建。经研究发现：① 藏族村民与青稞（Hordeum vulgare var. coeleste ）、耕牛互动时,借助物质、情感、空间以及身份转型等多重生活实践策略与后者联结,经由人的自然化实践,建构起表征型人与自然的生命共同体。此时,青稞和耕牛作为工具化的自然,是村民的身体表征,在人类行动者缺场或受限时,扮演为日常生活叙事的角色。② 藏族村民与虫草（Cordyceps）、猕猴（Macaca）互动时,借助意义、制度、空间协商等生活实践策略与后者建立联系,经由自然的人化实践,建构起链接型人与自然生命共同体。此时,虫草和猕猴作为对象化的自然,被社会所建构,并赋予社会生命,逐渐嵌入日常生活。     

新《环境保护法》下湿地保护的立法思考——基于江苏省湿地保护立法现状的分析

江苏省湿地资源丰富,湿地种类多样,分布广泛,但面临着严重的污染和破坏,且湿地立法相对分散,没有形成完整的湿地保护法律体系。《环境保护法》的修订,特别是生态红线、按日计罚、生态补偿、公益诉讼等制度设计,为江苏省湿地保护立法提供了强有力的制度支撑。在此情形下,制定"江苏省湿地保护条例"显得十分必要。     

Does the High School Geography Experience Influence Enrollment in University Geography Courses?

The literature suggests that owing to profound difficulties with high school geography curricula, teachers play a vital role in stimulating student interest and in providing a platform for continuation in the study of geography at university. Yet, with little empirical evidence offered in support, it is unclear why students select geography at university and if their high school experience informs their decision. Through a survey of students enrolled in an introductory geography course at an Ontario university, this research questions the relationship between students' high school experience and their enrollment in the course and ponders the implications for the health of the discipline.     

Testing spatial heterogeneity in geographically weighted principal components analysis

We propose a method to evaluate the existence of spatial variability in the covariance structure in a geographically weighted principal components analysis (GWPCA). The method, that is extensive to locally weighted principal components analysis, is based on performing a statistical hypothesis test using the eigenvectors of the PCA scores covariance matrix. The application of the method to simulated data shows that it has a greater statistical power than the current statistical test that uses the eigenvalues of the raw data covariance matrix. Finally, the method was applied to a real problem whose objective is to find spatial distribution patterns in a set of soil pollutants. The results show the utility of GWPCA versus PCA.     

Spatiotemporal changes in agricultural land cover in Nepal over the last 100 years

In order to advance land use and land cover change (LUCC) research in Nepal, it is essential to reconstruct both the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land cover as well as scenarios that can explain these changes at the national and regional levels. Because of rapid population growth, the status of agricultural land in Nepal has changed markedly over the last 100 years. Historical data is used in this study, encompassing soils, populations, climatic variables, and topography. Data were revised to a series of 30 m grid cells utilized for agricultural land suitability and allocation models and were analyzed using a suite of advanced geographical tools. Our reconstructions for the spatiotemporal distribution of agricultural land in Nepal reveal an increasing trend between 1910 and 2010 (from 151.2 × 10² km² to 438.8 × 10² km²). This expanded rate of increase in agricultural land has varied between different eco, physiographic, and altitudinal regions of the country, significantly driven by population changes and policies over the period of this investigation. The historical dataset presented in this paper fills an existing gap in studies of agricultural land change and can be applied to other carbon cycle and climate modeling studies, as well as to impact assessments of agricultural land change in Nepal.     

我国石油进口海陆统筹战略研究

我国是世界上第二大石油消费国和进口国,石油进口安全问题不容忽视。从我国石油的供需状况出发,分析研究了我国石油进口的空间格局和运输线路,指出了中存在的问题：来源上过于依赖中东地区,线路上过于依赖海上运输和马六甲通道。本文提出了加快建设中缅油气管道、兴建中巴原油管道、扩容中哈和中俄原油管道、加快东海和南海油田的开发4 点建议,旨在改善我国石油进口的安全形势,打造我国的东北、西北、西南陆上和海上四大油气进口通道的战略格局,使石油运输渠道多元化,实现石油进口的海陆统筹。     

用近场记录研究唐山地震的震源过程

通过对唐山地震近场记录的波形拟合,研究了震源短周期运动过程的基本特征,推断了主要破裂事件的震源参数.结果表明,高频地震波中的主要部分来自几个局部区域的破裂过程.它们的错距分布相当集中,上升时间为1.1-1.5s.由5次破裂事件组成的震源模型中引人随机扰动量,较好地描绘了地面运动的高频状态.     

昆明市暴雨强度公式推算与对比

根据昆明国家基准气候站1981—2014年34年的逐分钟降水资料,基于年最大值数据采样方法,分别采用皮尔逊Ⅲ型、耿贝尔型、指数型3种分布函数曲线进行拟合试验,推算昆明市暴雨强度公式;在频率曲线拟合和暴雨强度公式参数估算时分别进行了精度检验,以误差最小为原则,得出耿贝尔型拟合的暴雨强度公式为最优公式。将新编最优公式与昆明市现有的其他5个暴雨强度公式进行对比,分析了昆明暴雨强度时空分布特征,验证了公式的合理性和适用性,为昆明城市防涝工程设计和相关设施的建设提供依据和参考。